606 



FRAME 



FRAME. Fig. 865. A box without permanent top or 

 bottom which is designed, when covered with glass or 

 other transparent material, as a place in which to grow 

 plants. When supplied with artificial bottom heat, the 

 frame is part of a hotbed; when supplied only with sun 



864. Fruit of Fragaria 

 Americana. Nat. size. 



853. Fragaria Americana 

 (See Fragaria, page 603.) 



heat, it is part of a coldframe. The Frame may be of 

 any size, but the normal size is 6 x 12 ft., an area which 

 accommodates four 3 x 6 ft. sashes ; and this 6 x 12 area is 

 understood when one speaks of "a Frame." See Hot- 

 hea - L. H. B. 



FRANCtSCEA. Included with JBrunfelsia. 



FRANCO A (Fr. Franco, Valencia, sixteenth century). 

 Saxifragacece. Three species of Chilean perennial 

 herbs, with turnip-like (lyrate) Ivs. and terminal, dense 

 racemes of white or pink fls. borne in summer. They 

 are interesting as having points in common with Cras- 

 sulaceae, Rosacese, Galax and even Diontea. They grow 

 about 2 ft. high, and in the North could perhaps be win- 

 tered in a coldframe. Scape-bearing, glandular-pilose 

 or tomentose: rhizome thick, many-headed: Ivs. glan- 

 dular-dentate: fls. 1 in. across, as many as 36 in racemes 

 6 in. long: floral parts in 4's, rarely 5's; petals obovate, 

 clawed. 



A. Fls. white. 



ramdsa, D. Don. Taller, woodier and more 

 branching than the others, and distinguished 

 by pubescent inflorescence. Leaf-stalks not 

 margined: fls. smaller. Hardy at Washington, 

 D. C., according to J. Saul, with spikes 2 ft. 

 long and 1 in. thick. 



AA. Fls. mostly pink. 



B. Leaf-stalks broadly winged at the base. 



sonchifdlia, Cav. Lower lobes continuous with 

 the broad margin at the base of the leaf -stalk: 

 petals deep rose, dark-spotted. B.M. 3309. 



BB. Leaf-stalks not winged at the base. 



appendiculata, Cav. Lower lobes distant from the 



base of the stalk : petals pale rose, rarely spotted. B.M. 



3178 (shows a white longitudinal band on petals). B.R. 



19:1645, where Lindley said (1833), "It thrives better if 



FRAXINUS 



constantly kept in a greenhouse, especially if it be 

 planted in the open soil, where it can be freely exposed 

 to light and air, withoiit which the beautiful spots of its 

 petals are scarcely developed." His plate shows 4 pretty 

 red spots near the base of each petal. L.B.C. 19:1864, 

 erroneously named F. sonchifolia, has the midveins and 

 bases of the side veins of the petals dark red. -^y ^ 



FRASERA (John Fraser, English botanist, collected 

 in America 1785-96 and published Walter's Flora Caro- 

 liniana). Gentianacece . COLOMBO. Large, stout herbs, 

 all North American, and all but one far- western with a 

 single stem from thick, bitter, mostly biennial roots, 

 opposite or whorled Ivs., and cymose clusters of dull 

 white, yellowish or bluish fls. which are commonly dark- 

 spotted ; calyx deeply 4-parted ; corolla wheel- 

 shaped, 4-parted, persistent. 



A. Lvs. in whorls of 4-6, not white-margined. 

 specidsa, Dougl. Fls. greenish white or barely 

 tinged bluish, dark-dotted : 2 glands on each 

 corolla lobe. Cult, by D. M. Andrews, Boulder, 

 Colo. 



AA. Lvs. in 2's or S's, white-margined. 

 B. Height 2-3 ft.: fls. whitish, dark-dotted. 

 Parryi.Torr. Lvs. opposite or in 3's: 1 notched 

 gland on each corolla lobe. Int. 1891 by Orcutt, San 

 Diego. 



BB. Height 3-8 in.: fls. bluish. 



Cusickii, Gray. Lvs. opposite: 1 gland reaching from 

 near the base to near the middle of each corolla lobe. 

 Adv. 1889 by F. H. Horsford, Charlotte, Vt. w. j^ 



FRAXINELLA. See Dictamnus. 



FRAXINUS (ancient Latin name). Oledcece. ASH. 

 Hardy ornamental trees, with deciduous, opposite, pin- 

 nate, rather large Ivs. and small fls. in panicles, either 

 appearing before the Ivs. and greenish, or in the subge- 

 nus Ornus after or w T ith Ivs. and whitish in showy pani- 

 cles : the winged fr. is insignificant. They are valuable 

 as street and park trees, and grow mostly into tall, pyr- 

 amidal or broad-headed trees, with rather light green 

 foliage, w T hich turns yellow or dark purple in fall or re- 

 mains green, as in F. excelsior and Ornus. The Ash is 

 seldom severely injured, though a number of insects 

 and fungi prey on the Ivs. and wood , of which two borers, 

 and a fungus attacking the Ivs., are perhaps the most 

 obnoxious. Most of the species are hardy.North except 

 those from the southern states, southern Europe and 

 Himalayas ; of the sub-genus Ornus, F. Bungeana and 

 F. longicuspis seem to be the hardiest. The Ashes are 

 important forest trees, and the straight-grained and 

 tough wood is much used for handles of tools, in the 

 manufacture of carriages and wagons, for the interior 

 finish of houses, and for furniture, for baskets and also 

 for fuel. From F. Ornus manna is obtained as an exu- 

 dation of the trunk, and some Chinese species yield the 

 Chinese white wax. The Ashes grow in almost any 

 moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more 

 moisture-loving, while .F. oxycarpa, F. Ornus, F. Sogdi- 



865. A Frame. 

 It accommodates four sashes. 



ana and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. 

 They are generally readily transplanted and grow rapidly 

 when young. Prop, by seeds gathered in fall and sown 

 immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered 

 about] in. high with good soil; sometimes remain dor- 



