GENTIANA 



GENTIANA 



633 



the rootstock is so stoloniferous that the plant has to 

 be cut back every year when used for edgings in Eng- 

 lish gardens. In France it is easily grown in a com- 

 post of one-half humus or leaf -soil and one-half good 

 vegetable mold, to which may be added a little sand. Cor- 

 revon writes: "It can be multiplied by means of offsets, 

 but it is infinitely better to raise it from seed, and, in 

 doing this, it should not be forgotten that the seeds of 

 this group of Gentians are very tedious, and, more espe- 

 cially, very capricious in germinating. I have sown seeds 

 of G. acaulis, some of which did not germinate for 12 

 months, while others (which I must say were more re- 

 cently gathered) germinated in a few weeks. The seed- 

 lings should be potted as soon as possible and while 

 they are very young. They will begin to flower in about 

 3 years from the time of sowing, rarely sooner." Except 

 G. Andrewsii, G. Saponaria and G. ptiberula, and per- 

 haps a few others, Gentians do not thrive as well in 

 America as in England. Our seasons are too hot and 

 dry. Whenever possible, give a damp atmosphere. 



It is rash to generalize on Gentian culture, because 

 some plants are tall, others dwarf, some found on moun- 

 tains, others in lowlands, some in moist soil, others in 

 dry lands, while some like limestone and others cannot 

 endure -it. The annual kinds are of interest only to the 

 expert. Alpine plants in general are unique in requir- 

 ing an extremely large water supply, combined with ex- 

 tremely good drainage. Another difficiilt problem is to 

 keep the plants as cool as they are on the mountains 

 without shading them more than nature does. Gentian 

 seeds are small, and in germination slow and uncertain. 

 They should be sown as soon as gathered, for the thor- 

 ough drying out of small seeds is, as a rule, soon fatal. 

 Gentians are difficult to establish, and dislike division 

 of the root, but are well worth patient years of trial, for 

 they are very permanent when once established. Nature- 

 like alpine gardens are one of the latest and most re- 

 fined departments of gardening, and Gentians are one 

 of the most inviting groups of plants to the skilled 

 amateur. Consult Alpine Gardens. 



There are several Fringed Gentians, but ours ( G. cri- 

 nita, Fig. 897) is perhaps the most beautiful of Gentians, 

 and one of the choicest and most delicate of American 

 wild flowers. It has been proposed as our national flower, 

 and, while sought after less than the trailing arbutus, 

 it is in even greater danger of extermination in certain 

 states because it is a biennial, and because it has never 

 been successfully cultivated. Seeds of G. crinita have 

 long been advertised by one American dealer, but at the 

 Cornell Experiment Station these have never been ger- 

 minated. The Fringed Gentian is, however, firmly rooted 

 in American literature, and from the time of Bryant's 

 ode many tributes in verse have been paid to its unique 

 beauty. The daily unfolding of its square-ridged and 

 twisted buds has been watched in thousands of homes. 

 By the artists its blue is often considered the nearest 

 approach to the color of the sky, but it must be con- 

 fessed that a shade of purple often appears in the older 

 flowers. 



The Gentian enthusiast should hasten to procure a 

 copy of "The Garden " for Aug. 24, 1895, which contains 

 Correvon's fine cultural monograph of Gentians trans- 

 lated from R.H. 1893, p. 525, and 1894, p. 42. Correvon 

 cultivates his Gentians at Geneva, Switzerland. The 

 writer of the present article has searched Correvon's 

 monograph for facts concerning season of bloom, hab- 

 itat and cultural directions, which are scattered below. 



Correvon makes 4 cultural groups of Gentians : 



I. Tall Gentians for general culture: species whose 

 roots are more or less stout, which are of relatively easy 

 culture, and therefore suitable for borders, rockwork 

 and landscape gardening. Typical plant, G. lutea; others 

 are G. affinis, alba, Andrewsii, asclepiadea, Bigelovii, 

 Burseri, Cruciata, deciimbens , Fetisowi,gelida, Kessel- 

 ringi, macrophylla, Olivieri, Pneumonanthe, Porphyrio, 

 Saponaria, sceptriim, septemfida and Walujewi. 



II. Low-growing Gentians: species whose roots being 

 less stout are adapted to rockwork, and for the open 

 ground only when a special compost is provided. In- 

 cludes G. acaulis and the species into which it is some- 

 times divided. 



III. Tufted Gentians : species with sessile flowers 

 growing little above the level of the ground, and suited 



for the same positions as Group II. Typical plant, G. 

 verna : others are G. Bavarica, imbricata, Oregana, 

 ornata, Pyrenaica, and pumila. 



IV. .Rare Gentians: species which cannot be grown 

 without some special knowledge and practical experi- 

 ence. Typical plant, G. purpurea; others are G. ciliata, 

 Frcelichii, punctata, and presumably all the rest. 



The two most popular Gentians in American cultiva- 

 tion seem to be G. acaulis and Andrewsii. These are, 

 perhaps, followed by G. Cruciata, puberula and Sapo- 

 naria. The plant which King Gentius knew is probably 

 G. lutea, the root of which furnishes the Gentian of drug 

 stores. From the same sources comes the liqueur or 

 cordial called "Gentiane." 



Index of names : those marked with an asterisk (*) 

 appear in American trade catalogues ; the rest are cult, 

 abroad. The plants are perennials and mountain-loving, 

 unless otherwise stated. 



*acaulis, 51. 



adscendens, 3. 



affinis, 29. 

 *alba, 7. 



algida, 10 and 11. 



alpina, 55. 

 *Andrewsii, 22. 



angulosa, 48. 

 *angustif olia, 52 and 



31. 

 *asclepiadea, 19. 



barbata, 16. 



Bavarica, 49. 

 *Bigelovii, 39. 



Burseri, 2. 

 *calycosa, 35. 



campestris, 12. 



Carpatica, 46. 



Catesbcei,2I and 22. 



ciliata, 15. 

 *Clusii, 54. 



cordifolia, 28. 

 *crinita, 14. 



*Cruciata, 45. 



Dinarica, 56. 

 *decumbens, 3. 



detonsa, 16. 



Fortuni, 27. 



frigida, 9, 10. 



Frcelichii, 18. 



Gaudini, 43. 



gelida, 11. 



imbricata, '47. 



incarnata, 8. 



intermedia, 8. 



Kochiana, 53. 



Kurroo, 37. 

 *linearis, 23. 

 *lutea, 1. 

 *macrophylla, 44. 



Moorcroftiana, 13. 

 *Newberryi, 38. 



ochroleuca, 8. 



Olivieri, 30. 

 *Oregana, 40. 



ornata, 32. 



Pannonica, 42. 

 *Parryi, 36. 



Pneumonanthe, 20. 



Porphyrio, 31. 



pseudo Pneumo- 

 nanthe, 23. 



prostrata, 25. 

 *puberula, 41. 



pumila, 50. 

 *punctata, 6. 

 *purpurea, 4. 



Pyrenaica, 24. 



Quinqueflora, 17. 

 *Quinquefolia, 17. 



rubra, 5. 

 *Saponaria, 21. 

 *scabra, 26. 

 *sceptrum, 34. 

 *septemfida, 28. 



serrata, 16. 



Thomasii, 4. 



triflora, 33. 



verna, 48. 



A. Calyx spathe-like, split in two. 

 B. Color of fls. yellowish. 



C. Form of corolla wheel-shaped ... 1. lutea 

 CO. Form of corolla club-shaped, at 



least in bud 2. Burseri 



BB. Color of fls. blue or purple, at 

 least above. 



c. Corolla plaited 3. decumbens 



cc. Corolla not plaited. 



D. Anthers grown together 4. purpurea 



DD. Anthers 'free * 5. rubra 



AA. Calyx with a tubular portion, and 



usually 5 lobes. 



B. Color of fls. yellowish, or green- 

 ish white, 

 c. Style distinct: capsule not 



stalked 6. punctata 



CC. Style none or very short: capsule 

 stalked. 



D. Height 2 ft 7. alba 



DD. Height 9-12 in 8. ochroleuca 



DDD. Height 6 in. or less. 



E. Lobes of calyx longer than the 



calyx tube 9. frigida 



EE. Lobes of calyx shorter than the 

 calyx tube. 



F. Lvs. lanceolate -linear 10. algida 



FF. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate 11. gelida 



BB. Color of fls. blue or purple. 

 c. Corolla not plaited. 

 D. Glands found at the base of the 

 filaments. 



E. Calyx 4-cut 12. campestris 



EE. Calyx 5-cut 13. Moorcroftiana 



DD. Glands not found at the base of 



the filaments. 



E. Fringed Gentians: calyx 4-cut. 

 F. Capsule raised on a distinct 



stalk. 

 G. Apex of lobes fringed, the 



sides less so H. crinita 



GG. Apex of lobes not fringed, 



base fringed 15. ciliata 



FF. Capsule on a very short stalk.16. serrata- 



