676 



GRAPE 



been sold at less than $10 per ton, and at more than $15. 

 When more than the latter, it is risky for the seller to 

 be too confident of a much higher price for any great 

 length of time; and if less than the former, the buyer 

 would better secure his supply as soon as possible. An 

 average price is, say, $12.50. This gives a gross income 

 for a 4-ton acre of Concords as $50, and a net income 

 from $27 to $30. Be it remembered that this is for 

 Grapes in crates. The cost of packing 4 tons of Grapes 

 in 8-pound baskets, including baskets, would be from 

 $28 to $30. The prices for Concords in crates or baskets 

 vary so much that it may be advantageous to sell in 

 either way. A man with a small vineyard and a large 

 family would pack in baskets, when another who had to 

 pay all his help or who found help scarce would sell 

 by the ton in crates. JOHN W. SPENCER. 



Grapes in the South. The region south of the 

 38th degree north latitude has in it more native spe- 

 cies of Grapes than all the world besides. This alone 

 would lead one to suppose the South naturally adapted 

 to vineyard culture. Yet New York, Ohio and Califor- 

 nia up to the present far excel it in vineyard area, al- 

 though only three or four species are native in these 

 states. The cause of this is that diligent experimen- 

 ters and originators have produced varieties of good 

 marketable value adapted to those regions, from natives 

 of those regions, or hybrids of natives with hardiest 

 foreign kinds. In the case of California, the vinifera 

 varieties are mostly grown because the climate and 

 other conditions are so similar to those of the native re- 

 gion of the vinifera. But the South has chiefly planted 

 the northern and foreign varieties which succeed but in- 

 differently in most southern localities, and has neglected 

 almost entirely its native varieties until quite recently. 

 Now experimenters have shown that most excellent and 

 very successful varieties of all colors and seasons can 

 be and have been produced by selection and hybridiza- 

 tion of some of the large, fine-fruited varieties. 



While the foregoing predicts by actual existence in 

 practical market vineyards in a number of localities in 

 the South what is in store for the South as a whole, the 

 present state of Grape culture in the South at large is a 

 different affair. Information gathered from best sources 

 throughout the South shows that Grape culture is a very 

 small industry. It shows that the leading varieties cul- 

 tivated in the northern sections of the South are Ca- 

 tawba, Concord, Delaware, Early Victor, Elvira, Ives, 

 Moore Early, Moore Diamond, Niagara, Norton Virginia, 

 Perkins, Worden, Wyoming. Favorable mention is made 

 of America, Beacon, Brilliant, Campbell Early, Gold 

 Coin, Green Mountain, Laussel, Ozark, Presly. 



East of Texas and south of Tennessee, the following 

 are chiefly planted : Brighton, Champion, Concord, Dela- 

 ware, Diana, Diamond, Elvira, Goethe, Hartford, Herbe- 

 mont, Ives, Missouri Reisling, Moore Early, Niagara, 

 Norton Virginia [Cynthiana], Perkins, Worden. Of the 

 Muscadine class for wine: Flowers, James, Mish, Scup- 

 pernong, Thomas. Favorable mention, of varieties test- 

 ing, is made of Brilliant, Bertrand, Carman, Fern, Gold 

 Coin, Jaeger, Laussel, Marguerite, Superb. In the south- 

 western section, west of the 96th meridian, are chiefly 

 planted the Herbemont, Jacquez [Black Spanish, Le- 

 noir], Niagara and Golden Chasselas, Malaga and some 

 other vinifera varieties near the gulf coast and in 

 western Texas under irrigation. By several who have 

 had them under trial for several years favorable men- 

 tion is made of Bertrand, Brilliant, Carman, Fern, Jae- 

 ger, Laussel, Marguerite, Muench, Neva, Perry, as fur- 

 nishing successful table and wine Grapes for this region. 



For Georgia, Professor Hugh N. Starnes gives me the 

 following notes : "Leading varieties in order named: 

 Ives, Concord, Niagara, Delaware, Moore Early, Goethe, 

 Lindley, and for wine Norton Virginia, Scuppernong 

 and Thomas. 



"General distance 10 x 10; Delawares 8x8; Rotundi" 

 folias 30 ft. apart. Single stake spiral method of train- 

 ing chiefly used, and either spur renewal or cane re- 

 newal pruning employed, according to circumstances. 

 Some growers employ trellises instead of single stakes, 

 using either one or two wires and adopting the umbrella 

 Kniffin or low wire arm spur Kniffin system of train- 

 ing, according to circumstances. See Bulletin No. 28, 

 Georgia Experiment Station. 



GRAPE 



"Very little wine is now made in this state, and that is 

 nearly all claret from Norton Virginia, Ives or Concord. 

 In southern Georgia a poor article of Scuppernong wine 

 is made, but it is not adapted to trained palates too 

 foxy. Delaware and Goethe blended are sometimes used 

 to make a very good Rhine wine, and when properly 

 handled sometimes produce an excellent article. Goethe 

 must, reinforced with 20 per cent of California brandy, 

 makes a good pale sherry; yet it is difficult to sell wine 

 here profitably. When it can be sold at all, prices range 

 from 50 cts. to $2 per gallon, according to the grade. 

 Grape vinegar, while generally regarded as inferior to 

 cider vinegar, will bring about 25 or 30 cts. at retail anc 

 20 cts. wholesale, and at these figures is more profitable 

 than wine. 



"When sold fresh the Grapes are generally shipped 

 refrigerator cars in 10-pound baskets to different north- 

 ern points. Later shipments take a southerly directioi 

 to Atlantic and Gulf seaports. Sometimes the reguh 

 tion 6- or 9-carrier peach crates are used for shipping 

 Grapes, but are not as satisfactory as the 10-pound sepa- 

 rate baskets. Delawares are generally shipped in c 

 pound baskets. Returns are uncertain. They vary fror 

 1% cts. per Ib. to 5 cts., according to circumstances. 

 Sometimes as high as 10 cts. is realized on very early anc 

 very late shipments or with choice Grapes, but this is 

 seldom. Distilleries pay three-fourths of 1 cent per pounc 

 delivered, or gather and pay % cent per pound. If only 

 ton per acre of Grapes is the yield, the gross return (am 

 also the net return) per acre would thus be from $10 

 $15. This is more than cotton ordinarily nets. With twi 

 tons per acre of Grapes, which is not an enormous yield, 

 the return would be $30 per acre delivered at the still. 

 To those who have no scruples in regard to so disposing 

 of their crop, this is probably the most profitable methoc 

 There are local stills in almost every county. 



" There is not much encouragement now for Grape rais- 

 ing in Georgia, and vineyards are annually being dt 

 stroyed by hundreds of acres. Some planting, however, 

 is still going on in southern Georgia, in the "wii 

 grass " country, where the industry is still found profit 

 able by reason of the fact that the northern market maj 

 be entered ahead of competition, and also that insect 

 arid fungous pests have not yet put in an appearance ii 

 that region." See Georgia. 



Planting, Training, etc. The vines of the tru( 

 southern Grapes, such as Herbemont and the Post-os 

 Grape hybrids, are planted 12 to 14 feet apart, in rows 9 :" 

 apart, while such northern varieties as are planted ai 

 set 8 feet apart in row. The Muscadines, such as Scuj 

 pernong, are mostly grown upon arbors, about 7 feet 

 high and rarely or never pruned, although trained 

 trellis, as are other Grapes, and, pruned early in fa 

 after leaf-fall, succeed excellently. The culture is 

 mostly with the plow, turning first away and then to th< 

 rows, hoeing the space along the row not reached by th< 

 plow. The trellis mostly used is the 3-wire trellis 

 first wire at 18 to 24 inches from the ground, and tl 

 others successively 1 foot apart, above the first. Th< 

 training is generally an indifferent attempt at the Knif 

 fin system, and no system is generally carried out 

 Some pinch back the leading shoots once, few twice. 

 Some use single posts and spur-prune. A few havt 

 made the Munson canopy trough trellis of 3 wires, anc 

 report most favorably of it. 



Fungicides are used successfully by some. Other 

 plant only such as Ives, Norton Virginia, Moore Earl 3 

 Perkins, and some other varieties not subject to rot an 

 mildew, so as to avoid spraying. They also avoic 

 thereby, having Grapes of the finer qualities, and 

 only the lowest prices. From such mostly come the re 

 port that Grape culture with them is unprofitable, 

 it should be, as such Grapes in the market have th< 

 effect to depress prices on all kinds of Grapes, as an] 

 grower knows. In the moister parts of the South, blacl 

 rot, downy mildew and ripe Grape rot are very prevt 

 lent, but, excepting the ripe rot, are readily overcoi 

 by the Bordeaux mixture spray properly applied. 



Few growers in the South use fertilizers in thei 

 vineyards. Some use barnyard manure, but the rnoi 

 intelligent use cotton seed or cotton-seed meal in cor 

 nection with ground bone, kainit and soluble phc 

 phates. 



