910 



LIATRIS 



LICUALA 



wand-like, dense and leafy: heads 4-6-fld., % in. long; 

 bracts of involucre oblong, rather abruptly cuspidate, 

 ciliate on its margins: pappus plumose. Saskatchewan 

 and Minn, to Tex. and Mex. 



DD. Pappus bristles merely barbellate. 



E. Involucral bracts spreading. 



pycnostachya, Michx. Stem stout, 3-5 ft. high: Ivs. 

 crowded throughout, the lower lanceolate, the upper 

 narrowly linear: spike densely flowered, 5-18 in. long: 

 heads about % in. long, all sessile; involucre with squar- 

 rose tips acute, purplish: pappus copious, minutely bar- 

 bellate. 111. and la., to Ark. and Tex. R.H. 1883:324. 

 On. 55:1217. One of the choicest and boldest species. 



BE. Involucral bracts oppressed. 



Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem a foot or two high, 

 strict and rigid: Ivs. short, the lower oblong-linear, the 

 upper small and awl-shaped: spike densely flowered, 

 often 1 ft. long: heads about 3-fld. : fls. large for the 

 size of the head: pappus grayish, the bristles minutely 

 barbellate, about % in. long. Fla. W.W. ROWLEE. 



LIB&RTIA (Marie A. Libert, a Belgian woman, who 

 wrote on liverworts, about 1820). Iridacece. This in- 

 cludes some tender bulbous white-fld. plants procurable 

 from Dutch dealers, but for northern gardens inferior 

 to our common hardy Blue-eyed Mary (Tradescantia 

 Virginica). The fls. appear to be 3-petaled, the showy 

 parts being the inner segments of the perianth. The 

 fls. are about 1 in. across, and numerous in large clumps 

 of certain species. Rhizome short : Ivs. linear, equi- 

 tant: perianth without any tube above the ovary; seg- 

 ments obovate, the 3 outer usually shorter, firmer and 

 less showy than the inner, more or less green or brown; 

 stamens inserted at the base of the segments ; filaments 

 free or connate toward the base : ovules many, super- 

 posed: capsule small, leathery, loculicidally 3-valved: 

 seeds 3-cornered. 



The genus has 8 species, found in Australia, New Zea- 

 land, Tasmania and Chile. All are white-fld. except L. 

 caerulescens, which is blue. Botanically it is nearest to 

 Diplarrhena, but in the latter the inner segments are 

 shorter than the outer ones and connivent. Libertia be- 

 longs in the same subtribe with our blue-eyfd grass 

 (Sisyrinchium), but in the latter case all the perianth 

 segments are about equal in size. Baker, Handbook of 

 the Iridete, 1892. 



A. Clusters lax: pedicels longer than the bracts. 



B. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, entirely green. 

 pulchella, Spreng. Lvs. not rigid: stem K-lft. long: 

 inflorescence of 1 or few clusters, which are 2-3-fld. S. 

 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. 



BB. Lvs. 1 ft. or more long, with a broad pale midrib. 

 ixioides, Spreng. Stem 1-2 ft. long: inflorescence an 

 ample panicle with numerous peduncled, 2-6-fld. umbels. 

 New Zealand. 



AA. Clusters dense: pedicels shorter than the bracts. 



formdsa, Grab. Lvs. rigid, 1-1% ft. long: stem 2-3 ft. 

 long: inflorescence of many sessile umbels. Chile. B.M 

 3294. B.R. 19:1630. Gn. 45, p. 192 (fine habit sketch) 

 and 40, p. 441 WM ' 



LIBOCfcDBUS (libas, drop, tear, and Cedrus ; allud- 

 ing to the resinous character of the trees). Coniferce- 

 Syn., Heyderia. INCENSE CEDAR. Ornamental, tall ever- 

 green trees of pyramidal habit, with frond-like arranged, 

 mostly flattened branchlets, small, scale-like, opposite 

 Ivs., and rather small, ovate or oblong cones. None of 

 the species is quite hardy North,but L. decurrens thrives 

 in the vicinity of the city of New York, and even in 

 sheltered places in E. Mass. It is a valuable park tree, 

 forming a symmetrical, narrow pyramid, with bright 

 green foliage. It is also an important timber tree, the 

 wood being light, soft, close and straight- grained, is 

 very durable in the soil, and is used for fencing, for 

 shingles, for the interior finish of houses, and also for 

 ship and boat building. The other species are hardy 

 only South, and, though very ornamental trees, they are 

 hardly cultivated in this country; they are all important 

 timber trees in their native countries. The Incense 



Cedars thrive best in a well-drained soil, and prefer open 

 situations; they are liable to lose their lower branches 

 rather early. Prop, by seeds sown in spring ; also by 

 cuttings under glass in late summer or fall, which root 

 rather slowly; sometimes grafted on Thuya and Chamse- 

 cyparis. Eight species in W., N. and S. America, Aus- 

 tralia and S. W. China. Allied to Thuya. Branchlets flat- 

 tened, rarely quadrangular, frond-like in arrangment: 

 Ivs. scale-like, with decurrent base, with or without glands: 

 fls. monoecious or dioecious, terminal, similar to those 

 of Thuya: cones oblong to ovate, with 4, rarely 6, woody 

 scales, the lower pair sterile, small and short, the sec- 

 ond one much larger and fertile, each scale bearing two 

 long-winged seeds, the third pair, if present, connate 

 into a woody septum. 



decurrens, Torr. ( Thuya Craigiana,Murr. T. gigantea, 

 Carr., not Nutt.). WHITE CEDAR. Tree, to 100 ft., with 

 erect or spreading, short branches, forming a rather 

 narrow, feathery head ; bark bright cinnamon-red : 

 branchlets much flattened, bright green on both sides: 

 Ivs. oblong-ovate, adnate, with long decurrent base, free 

 at the apex and acuminate, glandular on the back: cones 

 oblong, %-l in. long, light reddish brown; scales mu- 

 cronate below the apex, a third connate pair separating 

 the 2 fertile ones. Oreg. to Calif, and W. Nev. S.S. 

 10:534. F.S. 9, p. 199. Gn. 29, pp. 266, 267. -In cult, the 

 young trees are conspicuous by their bright and deep 

 green foliage, while the trees in their native localities 

 are mostly of a light yellowish green. Var. compacta, 

 Hort. Dwarf compact form of globose habit. Var. 

 glauca, Hort. With glaucous foliage. 



L. Chilensis, Endl. Tree, to 60 ft., with compact, pyramidal 

 head; branchlets much compressed: Ivs. glaucous green, small 

 erect-spreading, obtuse, with a silvery line beneath: cones ovate 

 oblong, % in. long. Chile. P.F.G.l, p. 47. G.C. 1850, p. 439. R.H. 

 1867, p. 410. Gn. 30, p. 552. L. Donidna. Endl. (L. plumosa, 

 Sarg.). Tree, to 100 ft., with dense, pyramidal head: similar 

 to the former, but Ivs. larger, more closely set and more spread- 

 ing, without any silvery line beneath: scales of the cone with 

 a large, curved spine on the back. New Zealand. N. 2:261. This 

 species is the most tender of this genus. L. tetrdgona, Endl. 

 (L. cupressoides, Sarg. ). Tree, to 100 ft., with compact, pyra- 

 midal head, sometimes shrubby: branchlets almost tetra- 

 gonal : Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with slightly spreading 

 and acute apex: cones ovate; scales with a large, curved spine 

 on the back. Chile to Patag. G.C. 1850, p. 439. Gn. 30, p. 552. 



ALFRED REHDER. 



LIBONIA floribunda and Penrhosiensis. See Jacobinia. 



LICUAL A (Molucca name). Palmacece. Low, shrubby 

 fan palms: stems solitary or in groups: lobes of the 

 Ivs. long, wedge-shaped, plicate, truncate and variously 

 lobed or split, deeply and irregularly divided; rachis 

 very short; ligule short: sheaths fibrous: fls. large. 

 Species 36 or more, from trop. Asia to trop. Australia. 

 Allied genera in cult, are Brahea, Serenoa, Erythea, 

 Pritchardia, Livistona, Trachycarpus, Rhapis. From 

 these Licuala is distinguished by the carpels of the ovary 

 3-angled, slightly coherent; style single, filiform: albu- 

 men equable: embryo dorsal. 



A. Lvs. with lobes more or less grown together: lobes 



very broad. 



B. Marginal teeth very large, the upper edges bent 

 under. 



Rumphii, Blume. Petiole spiny below : segments 

 12-15, the inner ones 2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide at the 

 apex, the lateral ones 16 in. long and 4 in. wide, oblique: 

 marginal teeth broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly bifid. 

 Celebes. Cult, in S. Fla. 



BB. Marginal teeth with upper edges not bent under. 



grandis, H. Wendl. ( Pritchardia grdndis, Bull) . Erect 

 palm, the stems clothed above with dead sheaths: Ivs. 

 very many, erect-spreading; petiole 3 ft., slender, gla- 

 brous, with stout, short, straight or curved spines along 

 the margins below the middle; blade orbicular or semi- 

 orbicular, very closely plicate, wedge-shaped or trun- 

 cate at the base, concave, the margins with many short 

 lobes which are obtusely 2-fid : ligule thick, short, acute, 

 broadly ovate. New Britain I.H. 28:412 and 41, p. 82. 

 G.C. II. 1:415. B.M. 6704. A.F. 7:1145. F.E. 7:982. 

 S.H. 1:344. 



