MANIHOT 



i.ine shoots, rooted under a bell-glass in sandy peat,with 

 Bottom heat. The first species is grown in Florida, and 

 ill are procurable from southern California. The culti- 

 vation of Cassava is now attracting much attention in 

 Florida. 



Glazidyii, Mull. Arg. CEARA RUBBER TREE. Lvs. 

 iong-petioled, peltate, deeply 3-5-palmately parted, or 

 the upper entire; divisions entire, broad, ovate-lanceo- 

 ilate: fls. paniculate: bracts small. Brazil; extensively 

 nfrown in Ceylon and India. Its juice gives the Ceara 

 rubber. 



utilissima, Pohl. CASSAVA, or 

 MANIOC PLANT. BITTER CAS- 

 SAVA. Figs. 1368-69. Roots 

 fleshy, cylindrical, sometimes 

 weighing as much as 30 pounds, 

 and 3 ft. long, very poisonous : 

 stems knotty, about 3 ft. high: 

 Ivs. long petioled, not peltate, 

 deeply 3-7-lobed ; lobes lanceo- 

 late, entire : bracts small, entire : 

 calyx glabrous outside, puberu- 

 lent within, yellowish, 5-parted : 

 filaments glabrous ; anthers 

 short: capsule and ovary dis- 

 tinctly wing-angled. July. Bra- 

 zil. B.M. 3071. Cultivated ex- 

 tensively in the tropics, where 

 the Cassava made from the 

 roots is a staple food. Tapioca 

 is made from the root-starch by 

 drying it in pellets on heated 

 plates. The poisonous juice is 

 pressed out in preparation or 

 rendered harmless by heating, 

 palmata, var. Aipi, Mull. 

 Arg. (M. Aipi, Pohl). SWE.ET 

 CASSAVA. Closely related to 

 the last, but the root more red- 



MANURE 



981 



1366. 

 The descending root. 



1367. Multiple tips of 

 Mangrove root-branch. 



dish colored and non-poisonous: anthers elongated: 

 capsule only angular above, not winged. Brazil. Used 

 as the last, but not so extensively. 



J. B. S. NORTON. 



The cultivation of Cassava is of the simplest descrip- 

 tion in the West Indies. A piece of the stem, 2 or 3 

 feet long, is planted in somewhat sandy ground and left 

 to its fate, with occasional hoeing of weeds. In suitable 

 soils in the driest parts of Jamaica, it produces enor- 

 mous crops with little or no attention. 



Ceara Rubber has not been cultivated in the West 

 Indies to any extent, but it is like Cassava in its capa- 



bility of growing in dry, sandy soil. It would probably 

 yield more rubber if grown in districts where irrigation 

 is possible. -r-n- ~ 



WM. FAWCETT. 



MANITOBA. See Canada. 

 MANNA. SeeAlhagi. 



MANNING, EGBERT (July 18, 1784, to Oct. 10, 1842) 

 was one of the most thorough and accurate of American 

 descriptive poinologists. In 1823 he established his 

 "Pomological Garden" at Salem, Mass., for the purpose 



1368. Flowers and fruit of Manihot utilissima. Enlarged. 



of collecting and proving varieties of fruits. At the 

 time of his death this garden contained more varieties 

 of fruits than had ever been collected in America. Pears 

 were his specialty, but he had all the fruits which would 

 thrive in his climate. These fruits numbered nearly 

 2,000 varieties, of which about one-half were pears. 

 These varieties were gathered from all parts of this 

 country, and also from Europe. The new pears of Van 

 Mons, the Flemish scientist and propounder of a theory 

 of plant variation (see "Survival of the Unlike," Essay 

 V), were introduced largely by him. He also received 

 valuable acquisitions from Robert Thompson, of the 

 fruit department of the London Horticultural Society. 

 In 1838, Manning published at Salem his "Book of 

 Fruits, being a descriptive catalogue of the most valu- 

 able varieties of the pear, apple, peach, plum and cherry 

 for New-England culture." It also contained bush-fruits, 

 grape and hardy trees and shrubs. It was published as 

 "First Series for 1838," which indicates that its author 

 intended to issue other parts. All the descriptions 

 were drawn from the fruits themselves. The book was 

 well illustrated. In this work he was assisted by John 

 M. Ives: and Ives made a second edition of the work in 

 1844 under the title "Book of Fruits," and a third in 

 1847 as "New-England Book of Fruits." At this day it 

 is difficult to appreciate the work of a man like Man- 

 ningj. In those days, varieties were all-important. The 

 scientific management of orchards had not yet arisen. 

 Varieties were confused. Manning and his compeers 

 opened the way for correct nomenclature and systematic 

 pomology, and established the idea of testing varieties. 

 His decisions on nomenclature were accepted as final. 

 He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horti- 

 cultural Society. For a reference to the position of 

 Manning's work in our history, see the article Horticul- 

 ture; also Tilton's Journ. Hort. 7, pp. 157-8. His son, of 

 the same name, is secretary of the Massachusetts Horti- 

 cultural Society. ,. H. B. 



MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. Ipomcea pandurata. 



MANURE (from old French manuvrer, to cultivate by 

 hand; Latin mantis, hand, and opera, works). In the 

 broadest sense, Manure is any substance applied to the 

 soil for the purpose of increasing productivity. The ex- 

 crements of animals, mixed or unmixed with straw or 



