NUPHAR 



NURSERY 



1097 



polysepalum, Engelm. Larger than 2V. advena, Jthe 

 Ivs. three-fourths as broad as long, erect in shallow 

 water and floating in deep water: fls. 4-5 in. across, 

 ydlow, the sepals 8-12, and the petals 12-18 and broad. 

 N. Calif., northward and east to the Rockies. 



1495. Nuphar advena (X %). 



Kiteum, Sibth. & Smith. EUROPEAN YELLOW LILY. 

 Lvs. cordate-ovate, floating or rising little above the 

 water: fls. yellow, somewhat fragrant, smaller than 

 those of 2V. advena, the sepals 5, and the petals very 

 numerous : stigma 10-30-rayed. Europe. 



BB. Plant slender, often delicate. 



minimum, Smith (2V. pumilum, DC.). Slender: Ivs. 

 small, oblong, with a deep sinus and spreading lobes: 

 fls. 1 in. or less across, yellow: stigmas 8-12, prominently 

 indented. Eu. By Bentham considered to be a form of 

 2V. luteum. 



Kalmianum, R. Br. (2V. luteum of American authors, 

 at least in part) . Slender, with prominent submerged or- 

 bicular, lettuce-like Ivs., and the emersed ones floating, 

 and only 3 or 4 in. long: fl. 1 in. or less across, yellow, 

 with 5 sepals, and thin spatulate petals: stigmas 6-7. 

 N. Y., west and south. A very interesting plant. 



AA. Lvs. long-sagittate or narrow -oblong: soutJiern. 

 sagittaefolium, Pursh. Rather stout: emersed Ivs. 

 floating, about 1 ft. long and 2-3 in. wide: submerged 

 Ivs. similar in shape, numerous: fls. lin. across, yellow, 

 the sepals 5, the petals spatulate: stigmas 11-15. 

 Southern Indiana and Illinois southward. J< U B 



NURSERY : in horticulture, an establishment for the 

 rearing of plants. Properly, a nursery exists for the 

 rearing of any kind of plant, but in America the word 

 is restricted to an establishment devoted to the growing 

 of hardy, more particularly woody plants. This is be- 

 cause of the early and great development of orcharding 

 and tree planting and the relative infrequency of glass 

 structures. 



In North America the nursery business, as we now 

 know it, is practically an institution of the present 

 century, although there were nurseries more than a 

 century ago (see Vol. II, p. 766). As early as 1768, 

 according to J. H. Hale, the New York Society for Pro- 

 motion of Arts awarded Thomas Young a premium of 

 10 for the largest number of apple trees, the number 

 being 27,123. But the large trading nursery developed 

 simultaneously with the great orchard planting industry 



which began in western New York and extended west- 

 ward, and, since the civil war, to the southward. 



The only available statistics covering the general 

 range of the United States nursery business are those 

 published in Bulletin 109 of the Eleventh Census (figures 

 for 1890), by J. H. Hale. The census enumerated the 

 items of 4,510 nurseries, occupying 172,806 acres and 

 representing a valuation of $41,978,835.80. The total 

 capital invested was about $52,500,000. These establish- 

 ments employed 45,657 men, 2,279 women, and 14,200 

 animals. The total number of plants and trees was 

 3,386,858,778, which figure does not include unenumer- 

 ated plants on 1,477 acres of nursery grounds. Of this 

 enormous total, fruit trees comprised 518,016,612 plants, 

 and grape vines and small fruits 685,603,396. Apple 

 trees alone, the highest figure given for a single species, 

 numbered 240,570,666. It is safe to assume that each 

 plant in this uncountable number was the subject of 

 thought and solicitude on the part of the propagator; 

 yet it is probable that not one in a hundred has lived to 

 bring satisfactory reward to the buyer. It has been esti- 

 mated that the apple trees now standing in orchards in 

 the United States are 100,000,000, or less than half the 

 number growing in the nurseries in 1890. The elements 

 of loss are many, but the greater part of the failures 

 occur after the stock has passed to the hands of the 

 final purchaser. 



The largest nursery center of North America, con- 

 sidering the number of persons engaged and the variety 

 of stock grown, is western New York. The headquarters 

 of this industry is Rochester. See New York. Nearly 

 one-ninth of all the nurseries enumerated in 1890 were 

 in New York state, and these establishments employed 

 a capital of over $12,000,000. Very extensive nursery 

 enterprises are now established in many other parts of 

 the country, and it is probable that the center of the 

 nursery business will move westward. 



In America, nursery stock is grown on a large scale. 

 This is particularly true of fruit trees. These trees are 

 to be set in wide and open orchards, and the nursery 

 practices are therefore very unlike those which obtain 

 in Europe. In the latter country, for example, fruit 

 trees are trained in the nursery row to assume definite 

 shapes. Some are trained for standards, to grow to 

 one straight, bare trunk. Others are trained for bush 

 specimens, some for growing on walls and espaliers, 

 some with round heads, some with conical heads, and 

 the like. It is the pride of the American nurseryman, 

 however, that his rows shall be perfectly even and uni- 

 form. Any break in this uniformity is considered to be 

 a blemish. If every tree could be a duplicate of every 

 other, his ideal would be attained. Ordinarily, fruit 

 trees are trained to single stems, the top starting at two 

 or three feet from the ground. All fruit trees are bud- 

 ded or grafted. In the older parts of the country, bud- 

 ding is much preferred. In early days, root-grafting the 

 apple was a common practice in the eastern states ; but 

 it has gradually given way to budding and thereby a top 

 is supplied with one whole strong root. In the western 

 states, however, root-grafting is still popular, partly 

 because more than one tree may be made from an indi- 

 vidual root, and partly because it allows the operator to 

 use a long cion and to put the foster root far below the 

 surface, thereby allowing the cion to send out its own 

 roots and causing the tree to become own-rooted and to 

 have a known hardiness. 



There are many diseases and difficulties in the grow- 

 ing of all kinds of nursery stock. The most widespread 

 and fundamental difficulty, however, is the inability to 

 grow many crops of trees on the same land with good 

 results. In fact, in the case of fruit trees it is usually 

 considered that land which has been "treed "is therefore 

 unfit for the growing of other fruit stock until it shall 

 have rested in clover or other crops for a period of five 

 years or more. Ornamental stock is often grown con- 

 tinuously on the same land with good results, even when 

 the same species is grown. This is largely due to the 

 fact that ornamental stock is sold by its size and not by 

 its age, and therefore rapidity of growth is not so im- 

 portant as it is in the case of fruit trees. It has been 

 supposed that this necessity of rotation is due to the 

 exhaustion of certain plant-food elements from the soil. 

 It has been found by careful experiments, however, that 



