PARASITE 



and the broom-rape. Members of the first class are ac- 

 tive photosynthetically, and may manufacture their own 

 carbonaceous material from CO2 and water, while mem- 

 bers of the second class must receive all or nearly all 

 similar foods from the host. There are all gradations 

 between Parasites and saprophytes; there are plants 

 parasitic at one stage and saprophytic at another, and 

 there are those which are at once parasitic and sapro- 

 phvtic. B. M. DUGGAK. 



PARASOL, CHINESE. Sterculia platanifolia. 

 PARASOL FIE or TREE. Sciadopitys verticiUata. 

 PARASOL PINE. Finns Pinea. 

 PARDANTHUS. See Belemcanda. 



PARIS (name discussed below). HERB PARIS. LOVE 

 APPLE. Lfiliacece. Everyone who knows and loves a 

 Trillium will be interested in the Herb Paris, which 

 differs from a Trillium in having its floral parts in 

 4's instead of 3's. There are about 8 species alto- 

 gether, and in some of them the floral parts are in 

 higher numbers than four. They resemble Trilliums in 

 being small, hardy, rhizomatous plants, found in moun- 

 tainous countries of the north temperate zone, and even 

 in the arctic regions. Also they have a single whorl 

 of Ivs. at the top of the scape and a single flower, but 

 in Paris the outer perianth segments are more herba- 

 ceous and calyx-like, while the inner ones are much 

 narrower and less showy, being mere strips of petal or 

 even entirely absent. 



The name Paris is an interesting one. The berry of 

 the plant is compared to the apple of discord, while the 

 four leaves surrounding it are likened to Paris and the 

 three envious goddesses, Juno, Minerva and Venus. 

 Others think the name is derived from par, equal, refer- 

 ring to the agreement in number between leaves and 

 floral parts. 



quadrifdlia, Linn. HERB PARIS. TRUE LOVE. Height 

 9-12 in.: Ivs. netted-veined (very exceptional among 

 monocotyledons): peduncle rising 1-2 in. above Ivs.: 

 perianth segments yellowish green, the 4 inner ones 

 rather more yellow: berry bluish black. Rarely the Ivs. 

 and floral parts are in 5's. The dominant European 

 type, scattered all over Eu. and Siberia from the Arctic 

 circle to the Mediterranean, in woods and shady places, 

 but usually very local. Fls. in spring or early summer. 

 Gn. 31, p. 165. Not advertised in America at present. 



W. M. 



PARIS DAISY. Chrysanthemum frutescens. 



PARlTIUM tiliaceum is referred to Hibiscus in this 

 work. It is a handsome shrub or small tree, of 10 to 30 

 feet, bearing considerable general resemblance to the 

 cotton plant, for which travelers have sometimes mis- 

 taken it. In Porto Rico it is often planted for hedges 

 along roadsides, and is very abundant in waste places 

 near the sea. It was already widely distributed in 

 America in prehistoric times, and has now been intro- 

 duced throughout the tropics. 



It is valued for its very strong bast fiber, which has 

 much similarity to jute, but differs in the peculiar prop- 

 erty of maintaining or even increasing its strength 

 after long maceration in water. The extraction of the 

 fiber for the manufacture of cordage and other pur- 

 poses offers no special difficulties. It has also been 

 recommended for paper-making. At present it is uti- 

 lized in Porto Rico for domestic purposes only, all the 

 home-made ropes being twisted from it. The conditions 

 are, however, very favorable for the cultivation of 

 fmujngna on a large scale, should more extensive indus- 

 trial uses be found for it. Q p COOK. 



PARK. Plate XXV. A tract of considerable size set 

 apart primarily for enjoyment. Meaning originally, in 

 England, a place for the preservation of deer for the 

 chase, the word is often used now to denote the land- 

 scape character commonly associated with such deer 

 parks. In the United States, when the original signifi- 

 cation is meant, the word is modified, as deer park, 

 game park, etc. As a type of landscape the park is 

 characterized by comparatively broad stretches of pas- 



PARK 



1211 



ture lying between irregularly and rather widely spaced 

 masses of tree foliage. It is extremely simple and quiet 

 in character, and while it often contains many other 

 elements, such as ponds or running water, thickets of 

 bushes under the trees or occasionally outstanding 

 houses, bridges or other artificial structures, these fea- 

 tures are all subordinate as well as harmonious if the 

 scene can be called typically park-like. 



Private Parks attached to country houses, in America, 

 are usually so called because they have, or are intended 

 to have, something of this park-like type of scenery. A 

 place departing very widely from this type is called, 

 according to its character, a wood or grove, a garden, a 

 farm, or more vaguely by the general term country-place. 



Public Parks are so called, not because their scenery 

 is necessarily of the type properly associated with the 

 word "park," but because converted Royal Parks were 

 the most notable public pleasure grounds of English 

 cities at the time when they began to feel the need of 

 making municipal provision for the outdoor recreation 

 of their growing populations. The earliest important 

 pleasure grounds of municipal construction were based 

 upon these and upon private parks as models, and the 

 name "park " came to be so attached to municipal under- 

 takings in the way of outdoor recreation, that it is now 

 almost indiscriminately applied to any tract of land set 

 apart for public enjoyment, regardless of the kind of 

 enjoyment or the character of its scenery ; but the best 

 usage appears to confine the meaning of public park to 

 a tract of considerable size, leaving the lesser spaces to 

 be called squares, gardens, playgrounds, places, etc. 

 Another special use of the word in America is its ap- 

 plication to tracts of land in the West, many square 

 miles in extent, either set apart by government, as 

 Yellowstone Park, or naturally distinguished by the 

 presence of comparatively gentle grazing land in the 

 midst of rougher country. "Park" is also used in a 

 more general way to indicate the general purpose of any 

 open land devoted to public recreation, or of the organi- 

 zation controlling it, etc., as "park system," "park de- 

 partment," etc. 



A large city park system usually contains parks of 

 varying size and character and many smaller pleasure 

 grounds. No rigid classification can be made, but the 

 following may be regarded as reasonably distinct types, 

 each having its own field of usefulness, its own merits and 

 its own limitations. In practice the lines between these 

 types cannot be distinctly drawn, but poor results are 

 often due to losing sight of the distinct and often con- 

 flicting motives which have given rise to these types. 



1. The large rural Park (Plate XXV. Figs. 1641-3), 

 generally from 200 to 1,000 acres, is in most cases the 

 chief feature of a city park system. It is seldom under- 

 taken except by large cities or cities so rapidly growing 

 that the need of such provision can be clearly foreseen. 

 Its main object is to provide conveniently in some de- 

 gree for the inhabitants of large cities that sort of rec- 

 reation which is to be obtained by strolling or driving 

 in a pleasant country district. There is no doubt that 



1641. Vista in a large rural Park. 



the enjoyment of beautiful natural scenery is to the 

 majority of city dwellers one of the most refreshing 

 antidotes for the wearing influences of city life. Where 

 cities are of moderate size and are surrounded by a 

 beautiful country district, this enjoyment is readily 

 accessible to the mass of the population, and it has for- 



