PHORMIUM 



PHOTOGRAPHY 



1313 



scarlet, but in natural forms varying 1 almost to pure 

 yellow; perianth 18-21 lines long. B.'M. :nsJ. Gn. 50, 

 p. 369. A.F. 13:748. R.H. 1848:5. V. 13:340. Gn. 26, 

 p. 397. Var. atropurpureum has reddish purple foliage. 

 R.H. 1877, p. 389. Var. atropurpureum variegatum is 

 alleged to be a "veritable fountain of white, purple and 

 rose color." Var. nigro-pictum (JV. purpureum nigro- 

 li mint urn, Hort. Saul?). Lvs. deep green, with a nar- 

 row margin of blackish purple, which becomes broader 



1767. Phcrmium tenax. 



and more distinct towards the base, making in mature 

 plants a zigzag line which outlines the 2-ranked habit 

 of the Ivs. Var. variegatum has fls. striped creamy 

 yellow and white. R.H. 1878, p. 86. Var. Veitchianum 

 (var. Vritchii and P. Veitchidnum, Hort.) has broad 

 creamy white stripes on a light green ground. A.F. 5:39. 

 The type and varieties all have the red margin and the 

 variegated forms are all smaller than the type. 



AA. Lvs. %-lVv. in. wide, scarcely split at apex. 

 Cookianum, Le Jolis. A smaller plant: Ivs. 2-3 ft. 

 long: scape 3-6 ft. high: perianth 12-15 lines long, yel- 

 lower than the above. Var. variegatum has yellowish 

 white stripes. F.M. 1874:112. ^ jyj. 



PHOSPHATE. This word is often used by farmers 

 as synonymous with commercial fertilizers. Consult 

 Fertility, Fertilizers and Manures. 



PHOTlNIA (Greek, pJioteinos, shining; alludingto the 

 hining foliage). Including Heteromeles and Pourthicea. 

 Ttosacea*, tribe Pbmece. Ornamental evergreen or de- 

 ciduous shrubs, with alternate, usually serrate Ivs., 

 white fls. in sometimes very large corymbs, and very dec- 

 orative red or scarlet fr. The evergreen species are ten- 

 der in X. Eng., and bear only a few degrees of frost; but 

 the deciduous P. villosa_ is hardy asfarnorth as Massa- 

 chusetts, and is very conspicuous in fall by the scarlet 

 fall coloring of the foliage and afterwards by the 

 numerous scarlet fruits, which retain their bright color 

 until midwinter and are not eaten by birds. Of the 

 evergreen species, P. arbutifolia, which is very similar 

 to P. serrulata and also to P. glabra, is the best known; 

 it is a very striking object in winter, with its large 

 clusters of bright red fr. ripening in December and 

 contrasting well with the glossy dark green foliage. 

 The Photinias are not very particular as to soil, but 

 thrive best in a rather light, sandy loam, and the de- 

 ciduous ones prefer sunny positions. Prop, by seeds 

 or by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass and 

 by layers : also by grafting on hawthorn or quince. 

 About 20 species distributed from Japan and China to 

 India and Java, 2 species in Calif, and Mex. Shrubs, 

 rarely small trees with stipulate Ivs.: fls. in corymbs or 

 short panicles; petals 5, orbicular; stamens 10-20; 

 Styles 2. rarely 3 or 4, connate at the base: fr. a small 



1- or 2-seeded pome. Closely allied to the Aria group of 

 Sorlms and only distinguished by the top of the fr. 

 being rounded and hollow. 



A. Lvs. deciduous: fls. in corymbs. 



villdsa, DC. (P. varidUlis, Hemsl. Pourthicea 

 vilUixa, Decne. S6rbus termindlis, Hort.). Upright 

 shrub, to 15 ft., with slender spreading or upright 

 branches: Ivs. short-petioled, broadly obovate to oblong, 

 cuneate, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green and 

 glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath when 

 young, 13^-3 in. long: fls. white, in 1K-2 in. broad-, 

 glabrous or villous corymbs terminal on short lateral 

 branchlets: peduncles warty: fr. about % in. long, 

 bright scarlet. June. Japan, China. G.F. 1:67. A 

 very variable species. Var. laevis, Rehd. (P. Icfvis, 

 DC. Poitrthicea arguta, Hort.), has narrower Ivs., only 

 sparingly pubescent when young and soon glabrous, 

 glabrous inflorescences and somewhat larger fr. G.F. 

 4:377. . 

 AA. Lvs. evergreen, glabrous: fls. in large panicles 



serrulata, Lindl. (P. glabra, var. Chine'nsis, Maxim. 

 Cratlr.gus gldbra, Sims, not Thunb.). Shrub, to 20 ft.: 

 Ivs. with petioles about 1 -in. long, oblong, usually 

 rounded at the base, acuminate, serrulate, dark green 

 and shining above, yellowish green beneath, 5-7 in. long: 

 panicles to 6 in. broad: fls. % in. across; stamens 20: 

 fr. globose, % in. across, red. May-July. China. B.M. 

 2105. L.B.C. 3:248. Stands fairly well in Washington. 



glabra, Maxim. (Cratcegus glabra, Thunb.). Shrub, 

 to 8 ft.: Ivs. on about 3^-in. long petioles, elliptic or 

 obovate to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, acumi- 

 nate, serrulate, 2-4 in. long: panicles 2-4 in. across: 

 fls. % in. across; stamens 20: fr. subglobose, red. May- 

 July. China, Japan. 



arbutifdlia, Lindl. (Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. 

 Cratcegus arbutifolia, Ait.). TOYON. TOLLON. Shrub or 

 small tree, to 20 ft. : young branches and inflorescences 

 usually tomentulose: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 

 acute at both ends, sharply serrate, shining above, 2-4 

 in. long: fls. white, in 2-5-in. broad panicles; stamens 

 10 : fr. bright red, % in. across. June, July. Calif. 

 S.S. 3:193. B.R. 6:491. -Called Christmas Berry in 

 Calif., where the fruits are much used for Christmas 

 decoration. 



P. arguta. Wall. (Pottrthisea arguta, Decne.). Closely allied 

 to P. villosa: Ivs. longer and narrower, firmer, densely wbite- 

 tomentose beneath when young: corymbs larger. Himal. P. 

 elliptica, Nichols., is Eriobotrya elliptica, Lindl., a Himalayan 

 species not in cult, in this country. P. Japonica, Nichols. = 

 Eriobotrya Japonica. ALFRED REHDER. 



PHOTOGRAPHY, HORTICULTURAL. Plate XXIX. 

 As a means of description and of record, photography 

 is of great importance to horticulture in all its branches. 

 A reference to magazines and to trade catalogues of the 

 day shows a growing use of the "half-tone" engraving 

 process ; and these engravings are merely photographs 

 transferred to a copper plate, and by means of minute 

 chemically-etched dots given a printing surface for the 

 typographic press. Many other illustrations notably 

 many in this Cyclopedia are adapted from or drawn 

 directly from photographs, being then engraved by an- 

 other photographic etching process on hard zinc. To a 

 limited extent, photographs are also printed on the pre- 

 pared surface of boxwood blocks, and used in lieu of a 

 drawing as a sketch for the wood-engraver. 



Every experiment station and agricultural college 

 finds in photography an indispensable adjunct both to 

 its records and to its descriptive work. For the botanist, 

 photography provides both an uniquely accurate means 

 of recording plant details, and of portraying the appear- 

 ance of the growing plant in its habitat. A photographic 

 herbarium represents the living plant more adequately 

 than the usual dried specimens. Some of the larger 

 nursery and seed establishments are also coming to 

 maintain photographic equipments, in order that they 

 may readily preserve views of the varieties which it 

 is desired to advertise. In horticultural journalism 

 photography is of prime importance. In advanced 

 collegiate institutions and at the meetings of various 

 progressive horticultural societies and institutes, the 

 presentation of photographs by means of the stereopti- 



