1342 



PINE 



PINE 



Pine 2 ft. in length and the hooked ponderous cones of 

 P. Torreyana and Sabiniana, may also influence choice 

 of material. 



With wide range of distribution and hence adaptive- 

 ness as far as climate is concerned, we have our Short- 

 leaf Pine (P. echinata), which is found from Massa- 

 chusetts to Texas, and" in 

 the West our Bull Pine 

 (P. ponderosa), which 

 ranges from the moist 

 Pacific coast in Washing- 

 ton to the dry slopes of 

 Arizona. In Europe, the 

 Scotch Pine comes nearest 

 to such wide distribution. 

 Besides our own northern 

 species, there have been 

 found hardy in our north- 

 eastern states the Scotch 

 and Austrian Pines P. 

 Hungeana, Cembra, Kora- 

 iensis, montana, Thun- 

 bergi, while the Mexican 

 Pines and those of south- 

 ern Asia will endure only 

 the light frosts of our 

 southern states. Yet in 

 the parks of Washington, 

 D. C., the following Pines 

 are to be found : P. Stro- 

 buSj Cembra, excels a, 

 /ambertiana , A yacahtiite , 

 Koraiensis, palustris, 

 Tceda, ponderosa, rigida, 

 Laricio, glabra, Virgini- 

 ana, echinata, montana, Pinaster, edtilis, pungens, 

 sylvestris, Massoniana; and the probability is that most 

 of the other species could find a place there to live if 

 not to thrive. Figs. 1807-1809 show how a species may 

 vary under different conditions. 



The list of species hardy in the Arnold Arboretum 

 (Boston) comprises the following: 



1. Thriving well. 



Bungeana, Lambertiana, resinosa, 



Cembra, Laricio, rigida, 



densiflora, montana, Strobus, 



divaricata, monticola, sylvestris, 



echinata, parviflora, Thunbergi, 



Jeffreyi, Peuce, Virginiana. 



Koraiensis, pungens, 



P. excelsa and P. ponderosa pendula thrive well in a 



sheltered place, but are probably not quite hardy here. 



2. Hardy, but not of promising growth. 



Balfouriana, var. aristata, flexilis, 



contprta, var. Murrayana, monophylla. 



edulis, 



In the interior middle states the number which would 

 stand the extremes of drought and cold would probably 

 be reduced; a partial list found in the Missouri Botani- 

 cal Garden is given below: 



The best are given first. All of the later ones on the 

 list die out sooner or later, as the city smoke is very 

 detrimental to coniferse. None do very well on that 

 account. 



Pinus ponderosa. 

 A mature tree 60-90 ft. high, in 

 dry and shallow Colorado soil. 



Mughus(P.Pumilio)," 



Austriaca, 



Strobus, 



Cembra, 



rigida, 



3 best. 



Virginiana 



resinosa, 



Laricio, 



sylvestris, 



ponderosa. 



For seaside planting P. rigida has shown itself most 

 fit, and of foreigners in proper climate P. Pinaster and 

 Halepensis, while P. contorta on the northwest coast 

 and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are 

 the seacoast trees par excellence. 



The Pines are essentially inhabitants of the poor sandy 

 soils and dry situations, their stout root system enabling 

 them to seek the scanty water supplies where other 

 species find it difficult. Some, like the White Pine, are 

 adapted to a variety of soil conditions, but only a few 

 can endure a surplus of water: P. resinosa will follow 

 the White Cedar into the swamp and thrive there as 

 well as with the Banksian Pine on the poorest gravels ; 



P. rigida is at home both in wet and dry places; the 

 Scotch Pine of the Baltic sand plains may be found in 

 the peat bogs, but only eking out a miserable existence, 

 while P. Tceda, the Old Field Pine, makes magnificent 

 trees in the southern swamp, and with its slow growth 

 under such conditions an excellent timber. Pinus con- 

 torta and serotina also are indifferent to water conditions 

 at the root; so is the Cuban Pine, but P. palustris be- 

 lies its name, for it is only very rarely found in poorly 

 drained places and does not thrive there. 



The propagation of Pines does not offer any difficul- 

 ties. The seed usually has a high germination percen- 

 tage in most species if kept dry and cool, and it retains 

 vitality for several years, deteriorating of course some- 

 what from year to year. To avoid deterioration in 

 transoceanic shipments, packing in charcoal dust has 

 been found very serviceable. While most of the Pine 

 seeds sprout readily, the White Pine, with some others, 

 has the bad habit of lying over for one year in part, 

 unless treated to a hot-water bath for 24 hours before 

 sowing; or perhaps by sowing in the fall immediately 

 after coming out of the cone, which is during the first 

 two weeks of September. The seeds should be sown in 

 light mold early, rather thinly to permit a good root 

 system to develop, covering then thinly according to 

 size of seed not over % inch, which is best done by 

 sifting sand over the seed with a sieve. During the 

 first year special care is necessary to regulate the water 

 supply and transpiration for the young seedlings ; they 

 want to be kept humid, not wet, but resent drought as 

 much as a surfeit; and especially sudden changes from 

 drought to wet are likely to produce "damping-off." To 

 prevent too rapid transpiration the familiar lath screens 

 should be applied. 



To prevent the formation of excessively long tap- 

 roots which some species are wont to form, mechanical 



1809. Pinus ponderosa. 



Giant specimens 225 ft. high, grown in the deep, moist 

 soil of the Yosemite valley. 



means may be adopted; but the best plan is to manure 

 near the surface, so that fibrous roots will be formed. 

 Such manure consists of one-third steamed bone meal 

 and two-thirds ammonia superphosphate. Root-pruning 



