PINEAPPLE 



PINGUICULA 



1345 



favorable circumstances such a shed can be erected for 

 $450 per acre, but this is about the cheapest and lightest 

 form that will withstand the elements. 



Diseases and Insect Enemies. (I) Heart rot; bitter 

 heart: The cause of this disease is not known, but it 

 seems to be more prevalent during a rainy season than 

 during a dry one. It manifests itself by the portion 

 around the heart taking on a water-soaked appearance. 

 This condition progresses outward until the whole ap- 

 ple is involved. It is not necessarily accompanied by 

 rotting, though this usually follows. The whole apple 

 becomes bitter, even before it is entirely involved. 

 When this disease is present in a field the fruit should 

 be marketed as soon as possible, that the apples may be 

 consumed before becoming badly affected. 



(2) Sanding: This disorder occurs immediately after 

 setting out, especially if a long dry spell occurs at this 

 time. It is produced by sand being blown into and fill- 

 ing the bud of plants. Immediately after setting out 

 drop into the bud a small handful of cotton-seed meal, 

 or the same amount of a mixture of 1 part ground to- 

 bacco stems and 3 or 4 parts cotton-seed meal. This 

 soon forms a firm plug in the bud, keeping out sand but 

 not interfering with growth. Blood and bone, or blood, 

 bone and tankage, may also be used. 



(3) Spike; longleaf : This disease manifests itself by 

 the Ivs. failing to expand at the base, thus giving the 

 plant a contracted appearance. The outer portion of 

 the leaf spreads from the center of the plant, but usu- 

 ally fails to take on a broad, flat, healthy appearance. 

 Experiments have proved that this disease may be pro- 

 duced by improper use of commercial fertilizers, though 

 the disease has occurred where no fertilizer had been 

 used. Abundant evidence is at hand to show that the 

 disease is not due to an organic agent but rather to 

 untoward condition in the soil. Change the fertilizer, 

 avoiding acid phosphate, kainit and cotton-seed meal in 

 large quantities, and give protection as by a Pineapple 

 shed (spike is a rare thing under sheds). 



(4) Blight; wilts: This disease occurs in a sporadic 

 manner, usually without any apparent regularity. In 

 some varieties the first intimation of blight is by the 

 outer end of Ivs. turning red, and later by the tips wilt- 

 ing. This wilting progresses until the entire plant has 

 dried up. According to Webber the direct cause is a 

 soil-inhabiting fungus which attacks the roots. Remove 

 the wilted plants and set in healthy ones. If the plants 

 are of valuable varieties trim off all diseased roots and 

 much of the stem, together with larger Ivs., and reset. 



1812. Pineapple shed in Florida. 



It is probable that the fungus will not survive until the 

 roots again penetrate the soil. 



(5) Red spider (Stigmceus Floridanus, Banks) : This 

 species attacks the tender white portion at the base of 

 the Ivs. The effect upon the plant is greatly out of pro- 

 portion to the small amount of injury to the parts 

 attacked. In later stages the Ivs. rot off at the place 



attacked. Drop a small handful of tobacco dust into 

 the bud of the plants. Subsequent rains and dews 

 leach the tobacco and carry the solution down to the red 

 spider. If they are not all dead in a week or ten days, 

 repeat the dose. 



(6) Scale insect (Diaspis bromeliece) : This scale 

 insect becomes troublesome in dry localities and in 

 greenhouses. The insect usually attacks the lower sur- 

 face of the leaf, but each point of attack shows through 

 as a yellow spot on the upper surface. Spray with 

 resin wash, resin compound, kerosene emulsion or 

 whale-oil soap. 



(7) Mealy bugs (Dactylopius citri and other species) : 

 These insects attack the base of the Ivs. just at or below 

 the ground level; also the bud, and when fruit matures 

 they multiply in great numbers among the slips and in 

 the eyes of the fruit itself. The remedy is the same as 

 for scale insects, but it is very difficult to make the 

 application effective. When the mealy bugs are present 

 before the fruit-bud forms much good can be done by 

 applying a large handful of tobacco dust in the axils of 

 the Ivs. 



Pineapple culture is also discussed under Florida. 



P. H. ROLFS. 

 PINEAPPLE AIE-PLANT. Tillandsia utriculata. 



PINEAPPLE FLOWEE. Eucomis punctata. 



PINE, DAMMAE. See Agathis. 



PINE, KAURI. See Agathis. 



PINE, MOEETON BAY. See Araucaria. 



PINE, NOEFOLK ISLAND. See Araucaria. 



PINE, SCEEW. See Pandanus. 



PINELLIA (after Pinelli). Aracece. Three species 

 of hardy perennial tuberous herbs, native to China and 

 Japan. Foliage appearing with the fls. : Ivs. 3 or pedat- 

 isect: peduncle solitary: spathe marcescent : fls. monoe- 

 cious in the appendiculate spadix, all fertile; perianth 

 none; male fls. with 1 stamen; female fls. one-sided: 

 ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, orthopterous. See Engler, 

 in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:565. 



tuberlfera, Ten. Adult Ivs. 3-cut, the middle segment 

 13^-2 times longer and wider. China. There is a variety 

 with narrower leaf-segments and another with Ivs. cut 

 into 5 segments. 



PINEY. Old-fashioned name of Peony. 



PINGUfCULA (diminutive of Latin pinguis, fat; re- 

 ferring to the succulent and greasy foliage). Lentibul- 

 aridcece. BUTTERWORT. About 30 species of small, 

 swamp-loving herbs of carnivorous habits with pretty 

 long-spurred fls. something like a snapdragon. They 

 grow in tufts or rosettes with several scapes less than 

 a foot high, each bearing a solitary flower. The Ivs. 

 are more or less short, thick, succulent, and densely 

 covered with crystalline, glandular hairs, which give 

 the Ivs. their buttery feeling. Small insects are caught 

 on these sticky hairs, and the margins of the Ivs. roll in 

 and cover them. D. T. Macdougal writes: "A digestive 

 fluid, probably a trypsin, exudes from the surface of the 

 leaf which dissolves the bodies of the insects, allowing 

 the substances of which they are composed to be ab- 

 sorbed by the leaf. The leaves of Pinguicula also con- 

 tain vegetable rennet, and Linnaeus mentions that the 

 leaves of P. vulgaris were used by the Lapland tribes 

 for curdling milk, and Pfeffer says the same custom 

 prevails among the peasantry of the Italian Alps." 



Pinguiculas make dainty flowering plants in pots; 

 although natives of northern countries, they can scarcely 

 be considered hardy subjects, as they require special 

 treatment. The choicest species are undoubtedly 

 P. lutea and P. caudata. P. lutea, a native of our low 

 pine -barrens from N. C. to Fla. and La., is unique 

 in the genus by reason of its yellow fls., while P. 

 caudata, with its rich purple fls., is the finest of all 

 those which range from violet and purple through rose 

 and lilac to whitish. The charm of P. caudata, aside. 



