PINUS 



PIQUERIA 



1357 



grayish brown, dull, about 3 in. long. S. E. Eu. Probably hardy 

 north. P. Mayridna, Sudw.=P. latifolia. P. macrophylla, 

 Lindl., not Carr.=P. Montezumae. P. Montezftrnce, Lamb. (P. 

 Gordoniaua, Hartw. V. Ureuvilleze, Gord. P. macrophylla, 

 Lindl.. not Carr.). Tree, to 80 ft. and more: allied to P. Tor- 

 reyana: Ivs. slaucous or green, 7-16 in. long: cones 4-14 in. long, 

 light brown; apophysis depressed pyramidal, with a short, re- 

 curved spine. Mex. G.C. III. 8:465-467, 475; 15:271,273. Gn. 

 56, p. 481; 58, p. 397. Very variable species, as the numerous 

 (about 70) synonyms show. Not hardy north. P. osteosperma, 

 Engelm. = P. cembroides. P. pdtula, Schiede. Allied to P. 

 Tseda: tree, to 80 ft.: Ivs. sometimes 4 or 5, drooping, light 

 green 7-9 in. long: cones oblong-ovate, oblique, with depressed 

 knobs, 4 in. long. Mex. G.C. II. 23:108, 109, 117; III. 9:435. 

 Graceful tree, but not hardy north. P. pentaphylla, Mayr. 

 Allied to P. parviflora,but seeds long-winged, two-fifths in. long: 

 Ivs. stouter and longer, with conspicuous white lines inside: 

 cones 2%-4 in. long. Japan. Probably as hardy as P. parvi- 

 flora. P. Plcea, Linn.=Abies Picea. P. pumila, Regel. (P. 

 Cembra, var. pumila, Pall.). Shrubby, often procumbent, allied 

 to P. Cembra, but resin-ducts of Ivs. peripheral: Ivs. l/4~3 in. 

 long: cone 1% in. long: seed two-fifths in. long. N. E. Siberia 

 to Japan. Hardy. P. Pyrendica, Lapeyr. (P. Brutia, Ten.). 

 Tree, to 50 ft.: allied to P. Halepensis: Ivs. twice as long, 5-7 

 in., bright green: cone oblong, 2-4 in. long, with rugose de- 

 pressed knobs. S. Eu., W. Asia. G.C. III. 4, p. 268. Not hardy 

 north ; often confounded with P. Laricio, var. Salzmanni, 

 from which it is easily distinguished by its greenish to reddish 

 brown branchlets. P. reflexa, Engelm.=P. strobiformis. P. 

 serotina, Michx. POXD PINE. MARSH PINE. Tree, to 50, occa- 

 sionally to 80 ft. ; allied to P. Taeda: Ivs. dark yellowish green: 

 cones 2%-3 in. long, with slender, incurved deciduous prickles, 

 remaining closed for 1 or 2 years after maturity. N. C. to Fla. 

 S.S. 11:580. Not hardy north.-P. st.obiformis, Engelm. (P. 

 reflexa, Engelm.). Tree, to 100 ft.; allied to P. flexilis: Ivs. re- 

 motely and minutely serrulate or almost entire, slender, 2%-4 

 in. long: cones 5-9 in. long, with reflexed knobs. Ariz. S.S. 

 11:544,545. ALFRED REHDEB. 



PlPER( the ancient Latin name). Piperacece. PEPPER. 

 A vast genus (probably 600-700 species) of both the Old 

 and New Worlds, mostly in the tropics, a few of which 

 are in cultivation in this country as greenhouse foliage 

 plants. In choice collections one is likely to find several 

 other species, but as they seldom fruit it is very difficult 

 to determine their species. In the following list appear 

 all the names that occur in the American trade. Piper 

 is an exceedingly difficult genus to the systematist be- 

 cause of the great numbers of species, the variation of 

 foliage in the same plant at different epochs, the diffi- 

 culty of matching the sexes of the same species, the 

 imperfect specimens in herbaria, and the scarcity of 

 good studies of the plants in the wild. In nearly all 

 cases, Pipers are dioecious. The flowers are very minute, 

 and are borne beneath decurrent bracts in slender, 

 erect or drooping, axillary spikes; perianth none; sta- 

 mens usually 1-4: ovary 1-loculed, with a solitary erect 

 ovule. The fruit is a small globular drupe or berry. The 

 leaves are alternate, stipulate, usually entire. Pipers are 

 mostly climbing shrubs, but some are trees and some 

 herbs. The Pepper of commerce is the product of P. 

 nigrum. For Red Pepper and Chile Pepper, see Capsi- 

 cum and Pepper. 



Pipers are easy of cultivation. Most of those known 

 in our houses require a warm-house temperature and a 

 humid atmosphere. Easily multiplied by cuttings of 

 the firm wood. They are grown for the decorative value 

 of their drooping or bushy sprays. 



A. Plant erect and bushy. 



excelsum, Forst. Glabrous shrub, reaching 20 ft. in 

 some of its native places: Ivs. cordate-orbicular to 

 ovate, stalked, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved from the 

 base, the blade 2-4 in. across: spikes solitary or in 2's, 

 short-peduncled, the staminate ones 2-3 in. long and the 

 bracts peltate, the stamens 2 or 3; pistillate spikes 

 shorter, the fls. with 3 stigmas. New Zealand and other 

 South Pacific islands. -Offered in Calif. Lvs. aromatic. 



AA. Plant climbing, or drooping when not given sup- 

 port. 



B. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. 



Futokadsura, Sieb. JAPANESE PEPPER. Clinging 

 closely to walls by its aerial roots : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate 

 and acuminate, cordate at base, glabrous: fls. greenish: 

 berries red. Japan. Handsome plant, standing con- 

 siderable frost. 



BB. Lvs. broadly ovate or roundish, evergreen. 



nigrnm, Linn. BLACK PEPPER. Plant woody below; 

 stem strong, terete, emitting roots, tall-climbing, gla- 

 brous: Ivs. thickish, stalked, broadly ovate-oblong or 

 nearly orbicular, the base usually rounded and oblique, 

 5-9-nerved above the base, the nerves alternate: fls. 

 sometimes polygamous but usually dioecious: fr. glo- 

 bose, red. Old World tropics, but now widely dispersed 

 in warm countries. B.M. 3139. Occasionally grown in 

 hothouses, particularly amongst collections of economic 

 plants. In the wild it is a strong climber, rooting at the 

 nodes, sometimes reaching 20 ft. in height. The dried 

 berries, which are collected before ripe, are black and 

 wrinkled, and constitute the Black Pepper of commerce. 

 When the outer skin is removed from the fruit, the 

 product is White Pepper. The commercial Pepper 

 comes mostly from the eastern tropics. 



ornatum, N. E. Br. Climbing, 10-15 ft. tall, glabrous, 

 rooting at nodes: Ivs. glabrous "and directed to one 

 side;" petioles slender and nearly terete, the blade pel- 

 tate, ovate-orbicular, with a short, rather blunt point, 

 the nerves 7 but not prominent above and uniting in 

 loops on the margin, the upper surface of the young Ivs. 

 shining green and covered with pinkish spots, the old 

 Ivs. duller and whiter-spotted. Celebes. 



metallicum, Lindl. Lvs. thick, rounded, handsome 

 metallic green. Borneo. 



P. Betle, Linn. BETEL (which see). Climb ing, nearly or quite 

 glabrous: Ivs. large and thick, ovate-oblpng-acuminate, usually 

 oblique at base, strongly 5-7-nerved: spikes often 4-6 in. long: 

 fr. very fleshy, often cohering into a long-cylindrical mass. 

 Eastern tropics. B.M. 3132. Lvs. chewed by natives, and the 

 plant much cultivated. P. Cubeba, Linn. (Cubeba officinalis, 

 Raf.). CUBEB. Climbing or tree-like: Ivs. g'abrous, oval, 

 short-acuminate, obliquely cordate, the upper ones smaller 

 and oval-oblong : fr. resembling those of P. nigrum, but 

 stalked. E. Indies. The fr. is employed in medicine. P. por- 

 phyrophyllum, N. E. Br. (Cissus porphyrpphylla, Lindley, 

 and of horticulturists). Handsome climbing foliage plant 

 with broadly cordate-oval short-pointed Ivs. that are purple 

 beneath and bronzy green and pink-spotted along the veins 

 above. Probably E. Indies. F. S. 14:1491. R.H. 1883, p. 560. 

 Lowe, 59. P. rubronodbsum, Bull. Shrub, with red-jointed 

 roughish stems : Ivs. cordate-ovate, somewhat blistered, sil- 

 very gray, the petiole pubescent. Colombia. P. rubrovenbsum, 

 Hort. Climbing: Ivs. cordate-ovate acuminate, marked with 

 rose-colored dots and streaks along the veins. Very like P. or- 

 natum. and perhaps not distinct. Papua. I.H. 34:33. 



L. H. B. 



PIPPERIDGE s an English name of the Barberry; 

 for Pepperidge, see Nyssa. 



PIPSISSEWA. See Chimaphitd. 



PIPTADENIA (Greek, falling gland; referring to 

 the anther). Leguminosce . About 45 species of shrubs 

 or trees, with or without prickles: Ivs. bipinnate: pe- 

 duncles axillary, solitary or clustered : fls. small, white, 

 sessile, in cylindrical spikes or globose heads ; petals 

 usually connate to the middle, valvate ; stamens 10, 

 free: pod straight or curved, flat, 2-valved; valves en- 

 tire, not septate within. 



Cebil, Griseb., from the Argentine Republic, is a fast- 

 growing unarmed tree, attaining 60 ft., int. by Fran- 

 ceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. , for its economic interest. 

 It is valued in its native land for tan bark. Pinnae 12- 

 16-paired ; Ifts. 24-40-paired : fls. white, in globose 

 heads about % in. in diam. including the stamens: pe- 

 duncles %-l in. long: corolla funnel-shaped, IK lines 

 long; stamens 10, distinct, long-exserted : pod 6-8 in. 

 long, 8-10 lines wide, straight but sinuate between the 

 seeds - J. B. S. NORTON. 



PIQUERIA (A. Piquerio, Spanish botanist of eigh- 

 teenth century). Compdsitce. Under the name of Stevia 

 serrata or S. serratifolia, florists grow Piqueria tri- 

 n6rvia, Cav. (Fig. 1833), for its small white fragrant 

 flowers and for bedding. It resembles a small Eupa- 

 torium in foliage and flowers. The small heads are 

 borne in small panicled corymbs, each cluster terminat- 

 ing a siender axillary branch or peduncle. The leaves 

 are opposite, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate- 

 dentate, very short-stalked. There is a dwarf, compact 

 form (var. nana, Hort.), and also one with broadly 



