RUBUS 



after one or two years, but some of them have Herba- 

 ceous tops. Most of them are more or less prickly. 

 Many of the species are creeping, decumbent or half- 

 climbing. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, the 

 compounding on the pinnate order and the leaflets 

 mostly 3 (several in some of the tropical and oriental 

 species). The flowers are mostly white or rose-colored, 

 usually in corymbs or racemes but sometimes solitary; 

 calyx 5-parted, the lobes persistent; 

 petals o, usually obovate; stamens 

 many, inserted on the calyx-rim 01 

 torus - rim ; pistils many, closely 

 packed on the torus, usually becom- 

 ing drupelets but sometimes dry 

 when ripe. The drupelets are usu- 

 ally more or less coherent at matur- 

 ity, the collective body forming the 

 "fruit" or "berry" of horticultur- 

 ists. In the Raspberries, the co- 

 herent drupelets separate from the 

 torus at maturity, causing the berry 

 to be hollow or concave on the under 

 side. In the Blackberries, the co- 

 herent drupelets also adhere to the 

 torus, which separates at maturity and forms the 

 "core " of the berry. 



Relatively few of the Rubi have horticultural 

 merit, although some of them are of great im- 

 portance. As pomological subjects they are more 

 important in North America than elsewhere in the 

 world. Here we grow not only Raspberries, which 

 are popular elsewhere, but also great quantities of 

 improved Blackberries, a fruit that is little known 

 as a cultivated product in other countries. These 

 Blackberries are the product of our native species, 

 R. nigrobaccus being the chief. Closely allied to 

 them are the Dewberries or trailing Blackberries, 

 which also have been developed from indigenous 

 species, chiefly from R. villosus and R. invisus. 

 Although the European Raspberry, R. Idceus, is 

 grown in North America, it is mostly unreliable, 

 and the leading commercial sorts are produced 

 from the native It. occidentalis and JR. strigosus 

 and from hybrids of the two. Various Japanese 

 species, recently introduced, also produce fruits 

 of value. 



A number of the species are useful as orna- 

 mental subjects, particularly the Rocky Mountain 

 R. deliciosus, the old-fashioned Brier Rose (R. 

 roscefolius), Wineberry (R. phcenicolasius), and 

 R. cratcegifollus. For its graceful, finely cut foli- 

 age, and sometimes for its fruit, -R. laciniatus is 

 occasionally grown. Some of the unimproved 

 native species are offered by dealers in native 

 plants as worthy subjects for wild borders and 

 rock gardens. The beauty of most shrubby Rubi de- 

 pends largely on the removal of the canes after they 

 have bloomed once. After flowering, the cane becomes 

 weak or may die outright. It should be removed to the 

 ground. In the meantime other canes have arisen from 

 the root, and these will bloom the following year. That 

 is, the stems of Rubi are usually more or less perfectly 

 biennial: the first year they make their growth in 

 stature; the second year they throw out side branches 

 on which the flowers are borne; after fruiting, the en- 

 tire cane becomes weak or dies (Fig. 2191). Removing 

 these canes not only contributes to conserve the vigor 

 of the plant, but it also adds to its appearance of tidi- 

 ness. These remarks apply with particular force to the 

 cultivation of Raspberries, Blackberries and Dewberries. 

 For other accounts of Rubi, see Blackberry, Dewberry, 

 Loganberry, Raspberry. 



Focke (Engler & Prantl, "Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen- 

 familien") divides the genus Rubus into 11 sections, 

 seven of which are concerned with the species to be 

 described in this work. These seven are as follows: 

 A. Herbaceous species: flowering shoots arising from 



the crown of the plant. 



SECTION la. Dalibarda. Stamens about 5: fr. scarcely 

 juicy: fls. perfect, on creeping leafy stems: Ivs. 

 simple, not lobed. The present writer prefers to con- 

 sider Dalibarda as a distinct genus, and it is so treated 

 on p. 453 of this work. 



HI-BUS 1579 



SECTION 1. Chamasmorus. Stamens numerous: fr. 

 juicy: fls. diu>ci<>us, | M ,rne singly on upright leafy 

 stalks: Ivs. simple, lobed. The Cloud-berry or Bake- 

 apple Berry, of arctic or subarctic regions, MM) much 

 Iiri/.e-l for its fruits, belongs here. 



SECTION L'. Cylactis. Fls. perfect or polygamous, 

 singly or several together at the ends of the shoots: 

 Ivs. ternate or pediform (.Vpurted i. or sometimes only 

 lobe. I. 



AA. Shrubby species: fln- 

 eriiii/ shoots arising 



.. v . V| . fr'n ii-niiili/ nines of g 



\V :4ii^r~\ or more years' growth. 



B. Plant spineless. 



SECTION ft. Anoplobatus 

 (ini/ii.-i is Greek for 

 bramble). Upright 



N /" rather soft -wooded 



shrubs, usually with 

 shreddy bark : large, 

 lobed Ivs., large erect 

 fls., and broad torus. 



BB. Plant x/iiin- limrhiij (exceptions in some 

 Blackberries). 



SECTION 4. Batothamnus. Upright shrubs, with 

 simple or ternate Ivs., small leaflets and droop- 

 ing fls. in mostly short clusters. 



SECTION 5. Idaeobatus. Raspberries, with the co- 

 herent drupelets separating from the torus. 



SECTION 6. Eubatus. Blackberries and Dewberries, 

 with the drupelets adhering to the torus when 

 ripe. 



INDEX. 



SECTION 1. CHAM^MOBUS. 

 1. Chamaembrus, Linn. CLOUDBERRY. BAKE- 

 APPLE-BERRY. YELLOW BERRY. Fig. 2 192 ( after 

 Card). Creeping: branches her- 

 baceous, covering the ground, 

 pubescent or almost glabrous: 

 Ivs. round - cordate or reniform, 

 2192. Cloudberry shallowly 3- to 5 -lobed, finely 



Rubus Chamaemorus. dentate: fls. large and white, on 

 Natural size. solitary terminal peduncles: fr. 



large, globular, red or yellowish, 



composed of few soft drupeltts, edible. Entirely across 

 the continent in high northern regions, and reaching as 

 far south, in the East, as the high land of Maine and N. 

 H.; also in Eu. and Asia. -The Cloudberry is an inhabi- 

 tant of peat bogs. It grows within the arctic zone. It is 

 much prized for its fruit, which is gathered from the wild 

 in large quantities. It is sometimes planted farther south 

 as a rock garden plant. R. arcticus, Linn., a pink-fld. 

 species with trifoliolate Ivs., occurs in nearly the same 

 range, and produces small edible berries. This species 

 belongs to Section 2. 



SECTION 2. CYLACTIS. 



2 trifldrus, Rich. (R. Americanus, Britt.). Stems 

 slender and trailing, 1-2 ft. long, herbaceous, without 



