1582 



KUBUS 



16. strigbsus, Michx. (R. leto-us, Linn., var. strtgosus, 

 Max in" ) RED RASPBERRY. Fig. 2080. Much like the 

 last but distinguished by a more slender and open 

 habit stifle prickles on the bearing bristly canes, which 

 are brown and somewhat glaucous, thinner leaves, and 

 jrland-tipped hairs or bristles upon the flowering shoots, 

 petioles and calyx, the latter less pubescent or hirsute: 

 flower-clusters more open or scattered : fruit bright 

 light red or rarely yellow or whitish, not produced con- 

 tinuously. Widely spread in the northern states as far 

 west as Missouri, also in the mountains to Arizona and 

 northward to Alaska, extending farther north than the 

 Blackcap; also in Asia. -Under cultivation the glandu- 

 lar hairs usually disappear. The light red garden ber- 

 ries, like Cuthbert, belong here. Var. albus, Fuller, has 

 amber-white fruits. 



17. neglectus, Peck. PURPLE CANE RASPBERRIES. 

 Figs'. 2082, 2200. A large and variable race of hybrids 

 between R. strigosus and R. occidentalis occurs both 

 naturally (Rubus neglectus, Peck, 22d Rep. Reg. N. Y. 

 State Univ. 53, 1869) and in the garden (Bailey, Amer. 

 Gard. 11:721, 1890). These plants propagate either by 

 "tips" or suckers, usually by the latter. The flower- 

 clusters are open and straggling, and the fruit ranges 

 in color from yellow to purple. As a rule, the fruit is 

 aggregated at the end of the cluster but is scattering 

 below. The Purple Cane type of Raspberry belongs 

 here. Prominent varieties are Shaffer, Philadelphia 

 (now nearly out of cultivation), Gladstone, and prob- 

 ably Caroline. 



CC. Black Raspberries (yellow-fruited forms are 

 known). 



18. occidentalis, Linn. COMMON BLACKCAP. Figs. 

 2201, 2202. Strong, erect bush, the canes finally re- 

 curving and rooting at the tips, furnished with straight 

 spines, glaucous, not bristly; Ifts. broadly ovate, dull 

 green above and white beneath, finely and sharply ser- 

 rate, and notched, the petioles usually bearing short 

 prickles: fls. in small, -dense, prickly clusters with 

 sometimes a few scattering pedicels, the petals shorter 

 than the long-pointed whitish woolly sepals: fr. lather 

 small, hemispherical, firm or even hard, black or occa- 



RUBUS 



sionally amber-white, dry and sweet. Plentiful in fields 

 and clearings in the northern-eastern states to Oregon 

 and Brit. Columbia and southward to Ga. in the moun- 

 tains, and to Mo. In cultivation, known in many forms, 



3197. Rubus rosaefolius (X %). 

 Sometimes known as Strawberry-raspberry. 



2198. Rubus phaenicolasius (X%). No. 13. 



as Ohio, Gregg, etc. Var. pallidus has amber-yellow 

 fr. ; sometimes found in the wild. 



Var. leucodermis, Card (R. leucode'rmis Dougl.). 

 Lfts. more coarsely dentate-serrate, sometimes nearly 

 incise-serrate, the prickles strong and more hooked: fr. 

 reddish black or black. Rocky Mts. and W. 



SECTION 6. EUBATUS, or Blackberries and Dewberries. 

 The botany of the American Blackberries and Dew- 

 berries is interminably confusing. If the kind of spe- 

 cies-making that has been applied to the European 

 Rubi were applied to the American, the number of 

 species would straightway be quadrupled or trebled 

 at the least. There is no difficulty in finding forms 

 that are distinct enough to be described as species. 

 The difficulty lies in the endless series of intermedi- 

 ate forms, that confound all efforts at limitation and 

 make printed descriptions of no avail. This difficulty 

 is greatly increased from the fact that the foliage 

 often differs widely between the verdurous and flower- 

 ing shoots of the same plant. There seems to be little 

 utility in separating forms that cannot be distin- 

 guished in at least a fair proportion of the specimens 

 that come to one's hand, however well marked they 

 may be in their extremes. It is to be expected, how- 

 ever, that long-sustained studies in the field, as well 

 as in the herbarium, will discover means of separat- 

 ing some of the forms that are now confused, but it 

 is doubtful if there are any species in this section of 

 Rubus, as the term species is commonly understood. 

 The best one can do is to throw them into groups. 

 For a history of nomenclatorial difficulties in Ameri- 

 can Rubi, see "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." 



A. Blackberries : Plant usually erect or essentially so 



(strong canes often recurring). 

 Group 1. Exotic Blackberries, with mostly perennial 



canes and flowers usually borne on the ends of the 



main shoots. 



19. fruticdsus, Linn. EUROPEAN BRAMBLE. Strong- 

 growing, mostly pubescent or hairy on the young parts, 

 usually with strong recurved prickles, the canes often 



