1612 



SANICULA 



A. Fls. yellow, 



M6nziesii, Hook. & Am. Stem solitary, 1-2 K ft. high, 

 branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across.very deeply 

 3-5-lobed : fr. about 1 line long, becoming distinctly pedi- 

 cellate. Calif. 



AA. Fls. purple (rarely yellowish). 



bipinn-tifida, Dougl. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of 

 opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled, 

 triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnately 

 3-5-lobed. fr. sessile. Calif. 



AAA. Fls. greenish white. 



Marylandica, Linn. Stem stout. l%-4 ft, high: Ivs. 

 bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile, 

 i-7-parted : fr. sessile. Atlantic to Rocky Mts. Com- 

 mon in woods. 



SANSEVlfiRIA (after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of 

 Sanseviero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- 

 viera is not the earliest). Hcemodoracece. BOW-STRING 

 HEMP. A genus of attbut 10 species from Africa and the 

 East Indies, of essentially tender foliage plants, al- 

 though beautiful in flower: rhizome short, fleshy, some- 

 times stolonif erous : Ivs. radical, in clusters or rosettes, 

 fleshy, firm, often long, nearly flat or terete, the interior 

 fibrous; scape simple, long, stout: fls. white, clustered, 

 in often dense racemes ; perianth-tube narrow, often 

 long: ovary free, 3-loculetl, attached with a broad base. 



Sansevierias are easily propagated by division or 

 they may be raised from leaf cuttings about 3 in. long. 

 These cuttings form roots in sandy soil after about one 

 month, after which a long stolon-like bud is formed, 

 which produces the new plant at some distance from 

 the cutting. Sansevierias are of easy culture and are 

 well adapted to house decoration, since they do not re- 

 quire much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them 

 best. 



A. Lvs. flat. 



Guineensis, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 3-6 in a cluster, 

 oblanceolate, radical, dark green with lighter transverse 

 markings : scape with inflorescence as long as the leaves ; 

 bracts 3-4: fls. greenish white, about 1% in. long, fra- 

 grant. B.M. 1179. G.C. III. 4:73. 



AA. Lvs. concave. 



Zeylanica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, 

 sword - shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse 

 markings of a grayish white : scape longer than the 

 Ivs.; bracts many: fls. whitish green, IK in. long. B.R. 

 2 : 160. Rarely blooms in cult. 



AAA. Lvs. cylindrical. 



cylindrica, Boj. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft, 

 terete, solid within, dark green, often banded with paler 

 lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed : scape with 

 florescence shorter than the leaves; raceme about 1 ft. 

 long: fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. B.M. 5093. 

 G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450. 



F. W. BARCLAY. 



SANTOLlNA (derivation of name doubtful). Com- 

 p6sitce. About 8 species of shrubs or rarely herbs, na- 

 tives of Europe and Asia, mostly in the Mediterranean 

 region. Lvs. alternate, aromatic; margins tubercu- 

 lously dentate or pinnately lobed: fl. -heads yellow or 

 rarely white, of disk fls. only, many-fld. : involucre 

 mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbricated, appressed. 



Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is 

 used for large specimens in shrubberies or as a carpet 

 bedding plant. Cuttings for the latter purpose are usu- 

 ally taken in the spring from plants wintered in a frame 

 but may be taken before frost in the fall. They are 

 easily rooted in sand. 



Chamsecyparissus, Linn. (S. incana, Lam.). LAVEN- 

 DER COTTON. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched 

 plant, l%-2 ft. high, with small evergreen, silvery gray 

 Ivs. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in 

 summer: branches and Ivs. canescent. Var. incana 

 differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. 



S. alplna, Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes 

 a pretty ground cover and has yellow fls., but appears not to be 

 in the trade. F.W.BARCLAY. 



SAP 



SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- 

 pdsitas. A genus of about 4 species, natives of the 

 southwestern United States and Mexico. Annual, usu- 

 ally low, much-branched herbs, with opposite, petioled, 

 mostly entire leaves and small solitary heads of fls. 

 with yellow or sometimes white rays: involucre short 

 and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts : recep- 

 tacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit; its 

 chaffy bracts concave or partly conduplicate. akenes 

 all or only the outer ones thick-walled, those of the 

 rays usually 3-angled, with the angles produced into 

 rigid, spreading awns or horns, those of the disk often 

 flat and winged. 



procumbens, Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- 

 ing about 6 in. high, trailing in habit: Ivs. ovate, about 

 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow 

 rays, resembling small Rudbeckias, less than 1 in. 

 across, numerous: akenes of the disk flattened and 

 often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late 

 autumn. Mexico. B.R. 9:707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. -Var. 

 ilore-pleno, Hort. A double-fld. variety coming true 

 from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 70. 

 Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or 

 sandy soil in full sunlight. p_ \jy_ BARCLAY 



SAP. The term sap is applied to the juices of the 

 living plant. Sap is composed of water containing min- 

 eral salts absorbed from the soil and organic substances 

 constructed within the living cells. The water taken 

 from the oil by the roots or other absorbing organs 

 may contain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, 

 iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. 

 As the fluid passes from cell to cell in the living 

 tissues some of the mineral salts are withdrawn and 

 used, and the water takes up some of the organic com- 

 pounds which have been formed by protoplasm. As a 

 consequence of this action the sap of different parts of 

 the plant is unlike in composition, and the sap of any 

 organ varies with the change of season. The water or 

 sap of a plant may comprise as much as 90 or even 96 

 per cent of its weight. 



The mineral substances enumerated above may be 

 found in nearly all saps; however, the limits of this note 

 do not permit even an enumeration of the thousands of 

 organic substances which occur in the sap of various 

 species. The more important ones may be grouped under 

 the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates, and asparagin, or 

 perhaps some of the proteids or albumens. Many plants 

 have become valuable commercially because of the large 

 proportion of some useful substance which they contain. 

 Among these may be mentioned the sugar maple, the 

 sap of which contains over 3.5 per cent of sugar, and 

 the sugar beet and sugar cane, in which the proportion 

 is very much higher. 



Sap is forced from the living tissues into the woody 

 cells and vessels, and these serve as conduits in conduct- 

 ing the sap rapidly from one part of the plant to an- 

 other. The constant transpiration of water from the 

 leaves demands an enormous supply of water from the 

 roots. The upward passage of this supply would be too 

 slow if conducted through the living cells. The water 

 taken in by the living cells of the roots is forced into 

 the dead cells of the roots and is drawn upward through 

 the wood (see Transpiration). 



The exudation pressure by which water or sap is 

 forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding 

 which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. 

 The pressure which produces bleeding is often called 

 root pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the 

 plant. Bleeding is exhibited by a large number of trees 

 at the beginning of the growing season, and is also es- 

 pecially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, 

 calla, nicotiana and corn. 



The amount of sap exuded in the process of bleeding 

 is very great and may be equal to the total volume of 

 the plant in some instances. A specimen of Betula 

 papyracea gave off over 63 Ibs. of water in 24 hours; 

 Agave Americana, 12.5 Ibs. in 24 hours. A vine may 

 bleed from one to two pints daily, while the cucurbits 

 also exhibit very vigorous bleeding. A half gallon of 

 sap has been known to exude from a tropical liana in 

 eleven hoxirs. 



It is to be noted that the flow of sap from the sugar 



