SPRAYING 



SPRAYING 



valves, wall and piston; (3) easily operated: found in 

 a pump with long handle, large air- chamber and 

 smoothly finished working parts; |4) compactness: se- 

 cured by placing the cylinder so that it is inclosed by 

 the tank, preventing top-heaviness and facilitating the; 

 movement of the pump in the orchard. A barrel or 

 tank pump should be strong enough to feed two leads 

 of hose and throw a good spray from four nozzles. 

 Nearly all spray mixtures require occasional stirrings 

 to prevent settling and insure uniformity. An agitator 

 is a necessary part of the pump's equipment. 



Special Devices. One of these is for the making and 

 applying mechanically emulsified definite proportions 

 of water and kerosene. The liquids are placed in two 

 separate vessels, each of which is supplied with a 

 pump. The apparatus has a gauge attached which 

 enables the operator to set it for 5, 10, 15 or 20 per cent 

 of kerosene, as the case may be. As the kerosene and 

 water are forced through the pump and nozzles they 

 are thoroughly emulsified This type of pump is not yet 

 perfected, but marks a distinct step in advance and fills 

 an important place in the treatment of scale and other 

 sucking insects. For special devices, consult experi- 

 ment station bulletins. 



Nozzles. The nozzles of twelve or fifteen years ago 

 were crude affairs when compared with those now in 

 use. They usually discharged the liquid in a solid stream, 

 or a coarse spray formed by passing through a sieve-like 

 diaphragm. These are now obsolete. Several types of 

 nozzles are on the market. They all aim at economy 

 and efficiency. A nozzle producing a fine misty spray 

 (much to be desired) iises a minimum amount of liquid, 

 but the spray cannot be projected effectively more than 

 six or seven feet from the nozzle. A coarse spray can 

 be thrown much farther, but drenches rather than 

 sprays the tree and naturally uses a large quantity of 

 liquid. For small trees and bush fruits the Vermorel 

 (Fig. 2380), or fine spray type, is best, while for old 

 orchards and park work, nozzles of the McGowan and 

 Bordeaux style (Fig. 2381) are most satisfactory. It is 

 now a common practice to attach two (or even more) 

 nozzles to one discharge (Figs. 2380, 2381). 



peach or plum trees unless considerable lime is added. For 

 insects that chew. 



ARSENITES OF LIME AND SOUA. These are cheap, the 

 amount of arsenic is under perfect control and it does not 

 burn the foliage. For chewing insects. 



Arsenite of lime is made l>y boiling 1 pound white arsenic in 

 2 to 4 quarts water until it is dissolved, then use this arsenic 

 solution to slake 2 pounds good lime, adding water if necessary 

 to slake it; when slaked, add water enough to make 2 gallon* 

 of this stock mixture. Also prepared by boiling together, for 

 30 or 40 minutes, 1 pound white arsenic and :t pounds lime 

 putty by weight in 2 gallons of water; when dissolved it must 

 be measured so that the arsenic may be applied with accuracy. 

 Keep in a tight vessel and use as desired. Thoroughly stir lie- 

 fore using. For most insects one quart to 40 gallons will be 

 sufficient. Arsenite of lime is insoluble in water and will not 

 injure the foliage of any orchard fruit at this strength. This 

 insecticide is growing in popularity. 8ome green dye stuff may 

 be mixed with it to prevent the ever-present danger of mistak 

 ing it for some other material. 



Arsenite of soda: The arsenic (1 Ib.) may also be boiled with 

 4 pounds of sal-soda crystals in 2 gallons water until dissolved, 

 and this solution used in the same manner (with lime). The 

 arsenite of lime is cheaper, and either can be used with Bor- 

 deaux mixture the same as Paris green. When used with 

 water, however, it will be safer to put in some freshly slaked 

 lime. More expensive than arsenite of lime, but thought by 

 some orchardists to be more effective. 



OTHER ARSENITES. Green arsenoid and Paragrene are more 

 bulky and finer than Paris green, and when of good quality 

 they are just as effectual and require less agitation. Arsenate 

 of lead can be applied in large quantities without injury to 

 the foliage, hence it is very useful against beetles and similar 

 insects that are hard to poison: it also adheres to the foliage 

 a long time. 



NORMAL OR 1.6 PER CENT BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 



Copper sulfate (blue vitriol) 6 pounds 



Quicklime (good stone lime) 4 pounds 



Water 50 gallons 



For peaches and Japanese plums, an extra amount of lime 

 should be added, and more water (60 or 70 gallons) should be 

 used. 



Six pounds of sulfate of copper dissolved in 50 gallons of 

 water, when applied at the proper time, will prevent the growth 

 of fungi. However, if applied in this form, the solution will 

 burn the foliage. Four pounds of quicklime in 6 pounds of cop- 

 per will neutralize the caustic action. When sulfate of copper 



2375. An orchard barrel pump. 



2374. A garden barrel pump. 



FORMULAS. 

 (The commoner mixtures, excluding resin washes.) 



PARIS GREEN. 



Paris green 1 pound 



Water 100-300 gallons 



If this mixture is to be used upon fruit trees, 1 pound of 

 quicklime should be added. Repeated applications will injure 

 foliage of most trees unless the lime is used. Paris green and 

 Bordeaux mixture can be applied together with perfect safety. 

 Use at the rate of 4 to 8 ounces of the arsenite to 50 gallons of 

 the mixture. The action of neither is weakened, and the Paris 

 green loses its caustic properties. For insects that ohew. 



LONDON PURPLE. This is used in the same proportion_as 

 Paris green, but as it is more caustic it should be applied with 

 two or three times its weight of lime, or with the Bordeaux 

 mixture. The composition of London purple is variable, and 

 unless good reasons exist for supposing that it contains as 

 much arsenic as Paris green, use the latter poison. Unsafe on 



2376. Vineyard power sprayer. 



and lime are added in this proportion, the compound is Bor- 

 deaux mixture. Potatoes demand full strength. Diluted Bor- 

 deaux mixture is effective against certain mildews and fruit 

 diseases. 



Weighing of copper and lime at time of mixing is very inconve- 

 nient. Bordeaux mixture is best when used within a few hours, 

 after being mixed. Therefore a stock mixture of Bordeaux is 

 impracticable. It is, however, practicable to have stock prepa- 

 rations of sulfate of copper and of lime ready for mixing when 

 required. 



The lime should be " slaked" in a barrel or box with sufficient 

 water to prevent burning, but not enoxigh to smother. Impor- 

 tant. When slaked must always be covered with water to ex- 

 clude the air. In this manner lime can be kept all summer 

 unimpaired. 



One gallon of water will hold in solution, all summer, 

 3 pounds of copper sulfate. To accomplish this the sulfate 

 should be suspended at the surface of the water in a bag. The 

 water most loaded with copper will sink to the bottom, and the 

 water least loaded will rise to the surface. If 50 pounds of sul- 

 fate are suspended in 25 gallons of water on au evening, each 



