1794 



THEOBROMA 



THERMOPSIS 



the larger proportion of the original fat retained, while 

 the so-called "Cocoa" preparations are the same ma- 

 terial in fine powder, sweetened or unsweetened, but 

 with the greater proportion of .he Cacao fat extracted. 

 This fat, when clarified, is a pure white substance, 

 almost as hard as beeswax, and is used in many phar- 

 maceutical preparations. Chocolate and Cocoa are both 

 made from the beans or seeds of Theobroma Cacao and 

 T. pentagona, and only differ in the method of prepara- 

 tion. 



The word "Cocoa" is a market corruption of the 

 original Spanish "Cacao," which was adopted by Tourne- 

 fort as a generic name but has since been displaced 

 by the Linnaean Theobroma. j. H. HART. 



THEOPHKASTA (Theophrastus was a Greek natural- 

 ist and philosopher, 370-285 B.C.). Myrsinacece. Ac- 

 cording to Bentham & Hooker, this genus has but a 

 single species, T. Jussieui, of San Domingo. J. De- 

 caisne, in Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1876 

 (ser. 6, Bot. 3) contrasts three species. Pax, in Engler 

 & Prantl's "Pflanzenfamilien," written later than either 

 of the above, recognizes four species. Five names 

 occur in the American trade, only one of which is a 

 true Theophrasta according to either of the above 

 authorities. This is T. Jussieui. Three of them are 

 to be referred to the related genus Clavija, and one ( T. 

 imperialis) is now regarded as a species of Chryso- 

 phyllum (of the family Sapotacese). The chief technical 

 differences between Theophrasta and Clavija are in the 

 flowers and fruits. In Theophrasta the corolla is cyl- 

 indrical and shallowly 5-lobed; staminodia attached on 

 the base of the corolla: fr. large and many-seeded. In 

 Clavija the corolla is subrotate and deeply 5-cleft; 

 staminodia attached on the tube of the corolla; fr. 1- 

 many-seeded. Theophrasta itself includes a glabrous 

 shrub with erect, nearly simple stem, the simple Ivs. 

 crowded at the ends of the branches, the fls. large, 

 white, in racemes. The fls. are perfect and gamopeta- 

 lous; calyx and corolla with 5 divisions that are imbri- 

 cated in estivation, the corolla bearing a corona in the 

 throat; stamens 5, fixed at the bottom of the corolla- 

 tube; pistil one, with short style and capitate stigma. 

 Fr. fleshy and apple-like, many-seeded. The species 

 referred to Theophrasta in the American trade are 

 handsome large foliage plants for warmhouse culture. 

 An allied genus is Jacquinia, which see. 



The following cultural note is probably applicable to 

 the various species cultivated under the name of Theo- 

 phrasta: According to T. Baines in Gn. 1:395, T. im- 

 perialis is of easy culture, enduring a winter tempera- 

 ture of 45 without injury but making the best growth 

 with 70 night temperature and 10 rise during the day. 

 It has the objection of being almost impossible to root 

 from cuttings. A plant that has become too large may 

 have part of the top cut off and all the buds removed from 

 the stem down to within a few inches of the ground, 

 which operation causes the plant to sprout from the 

 base. One only of the sprouts should be left; when it 

 is well started the old stem may be cut down and after 

 waiting until a little more growth has been made the 

 plant should be taken from the pot, and be cleaned of 

 soil and dead roots and repotted. 



A. Juice milky. 



imperialis, Linden (properly Chrysophyllum irnpe- 

 riale, Benth.). Lvs. obovate -oblong to oblong-oblanceo- 

 late, 3 ft. long on large plants: fls. yellowish green, 

 small, in pediculate clusters on the lower .branches: fr. 

 5-angled, nearly globular, 1-2 in. thick. Brazil. B.M. 

 6823. I.H. 21:184. This species has been cultivated 

 since the middle of the nineteenth century as Theo- 

 phrasta, but upon flowering in European gardens was 

 found to belong to Chrysophyllum, a genus of the fam- 

 ily Sapotaceae. 



AA. Juice not milky. 



B. Corolla mostly deep but the limb shallow - lobed : 

 fr. many seeded (Theophrasta). 



C. Trunk or stem not spiny. 



Jussieui, Lindl. Lvs. linear-spatulate, about 1% ft. 

 long and about one-sixth as wide, obtuse, strongly 

 spinose-dentate, with black-tipped teeth, the midnerve 



very strong and the secondary ones confluent at the 

 margins: inflorescence racemose, the racemes axillary 

 and loose-fld. : fls. rather long-pediceled, bracteate, the 

 calyx-lobes ovate and erose-dentate, the corolla tubular- 

 campanulate, white, the corona annular and entire. 

 San Domingo. G.C. III. 2:429. It is not known to the 

 writer whether the plant in cult, in this country under 

 this name belongs to this species or one of the two fol- 

 lowing. 



fusca, Decne. (T. Jussieei, Hort.). Stem simple, with 

 ash-gray bark: Ivs. linear or linear-spatulate, 18 to 20 

 in. long and about 2 in. wide, obtuse, varying from 

 nearly entire to repand-denticulate to strongly spinose, 

 midnerve strong and tawny red at the base, the secon- 

 dary nerves confluent at the leaf -margin: inflorescence 

 paniculate or racemose, the racemes short and densely 

 fid. : fls. on slender pedicels, bracteolate, the calyx- 

 lobes orbicular and ciliolate, the corolla urceolate-cam- 

 panulate, dull brown, the corona 5-lobed. Probably 

 West Indian, but the species founded on cult, speci- 

 mens. The name T. fusca is not known to occur in the 

 American trade.' 



cc. Trunk spiny. 



densifldra, Decne. Stem with black spines, the bark 

 brownish: Ivs. linear-oblong, 14-10 in. long and 2-2% 

 in. wide, coarsely spinose-dentate, the secondary veins 

 numerous and crowded and somewhat pellucid : in- 

 florescence terminal and corymb -like, compact, the 

 branches 5-6-fld.: fls. short-pediceled, campanulate and 

 white, the calyx-lobes ovate and somewhat ciliate and 

 equaling the corolla-tube, the corona 5-lobed. San Do- 

 mingo. B.M. 4239 (as T. Jussicei). The name T. den- 

 siflora is not known to occur in the trade. 



BB. Corolla mostly shallow and deep-lobed : fr. often 

 1-few-seeded (Clavija). 

 c. Leaves obtuse. 



macrophylla, Hort. ( properly Clavija grdndis, Decne. ) . 

 Lvs. large, arcuate, obovate - spatulate and obtuse, en- 

 tire or sinuate-repand; petiole thick and dark violet, 

 the secondary nerves slender and simple or forked: 

 fls. orange-yellow, in short, erect racemes; calyx-lobes 

 orbicular and nearly glabrous, the corona 5-lobed. Bra- 

 zil. B.M. (as Clavija macrophylla) 5829. 



cc. Lvs. acute. 



longifolia, Jacq. (properly Clavija ornata, D. Don). 

 A tender tree, often 20 ft. high: Ivs. crowded, subver- 

 ticillate, oblong - spatulate to lanceolate, narrowed at 

 the base, mucronate, spinosely dentate, 1-1 % ft. long, 

 about 9 in. wide: racemes 4-10 in. long, usually pendu- 

 lous: fls. fragrant, saffron-colored. Peru. B.M. 4922. 

 B.R. 21:1764. 



latifdlia, Willd. (properly Clavija latifolia, C. Koch). 

 A tender tree: Ivs. oblong, petioled, narrowed at both 

 ends, mucronate-serrate: racemes erect. W. Indies. 

 The species seems to be imperfectly known to botanists. 



L. H. B. 



THERMOPSIS (Greek, lupine-like). Leyuminosce. A 

 genus of about 15 species of perennial herbs native to 

 North America and northern and eastern Asia. They 

 are erect plants with large, 3-foliolate, stipulate leaves 

 and showy yellow or purple flowers in terminal or axil- 

 lary racemes. The following species are all handsome 

 hardy perennials bearing yellow flowers in early to late 

 summer. They are not particular as to soil or position, 

 but do best in a deep, light, well-drained soil. They 

 are generally deep-rooted plants and endure drought 

 very well. 



Propagation may be effected by division, especially 

 in T. montana, T. fabacea and T. rhombifolia, which 

 spread extensively by the root, but in general the better 

 way is by seed, although the seed is rather slow to ger- 

 minate and should be sown as soon as ripe or in the 

 spring with some heat. 



A. Pod strongly recurved. 



rhombifolia, Richards. Plant about 1 ft. high, 

 branched: Ifts. usually oval or obovate, %-l in. long: 

 fls. in a compact spike: pod glabrous. June, July. 

 Western states. B.B. 2:265. 



