UTAH 



facilities and the increase of fruit plantations, the 

 standard insect enemies have one after another entered 

 the borders of the state. But, on the other hand, in the 

 matter of fungous diseases the state is singularly fortu- 

 nate, there being in most sections comparatively little 

 trouble from them. Doubtless the dry atmosphere of 

 l"t;ili is responsible for this. 



It seems probable that the state will never enjoy a 

 large local market, though the mining industry will in- 

 sure a fair one, but its mountain climate seems to give 

 a superior quality to the fruit grown and with the more 

 general adoption of better methods there is no reason 

 why fruit-growing in Utah should not take its place as 

 one of the chief branches of the agriculture of the 

 state. F . c . SEARS. 



Another View of Utah. In Cache valley, apples, 

 pears, American plums and sour cherries do exceedingly 

 well. Peaches are grown there in a small way. The 

 temperature in winter is often lower than 20 below 

 zero, and that, together with late frosts, is the reason of 

 the failure of the peach crop. In 1899-1900 the lowest 

 temperature was 10 below zero, and the following win- 

 ter the lowest temperature was about 2 below zero, and 

 each of these winters was followed by a full crop of 

 peaches. 



In the valley next south of Cache valley, peaches and 

 apricots are grown very successfully at Brigham City. 

 At Ogden there are a few of the European grapes, but 

 they are protected during the winter by being laid down 

 and covered with earth. Even with this protection the 

 vines are badly damaged by freezing, as is indicated 

 by large, corky swellings often called black knot of the 

 grape. Sweet cherries and native grapes do very well 

 in certain localities in this section. There are a few 

 hardy almond trees near Ogden. Farther south, at 

 Provo, there is at least one vineyard of Vinifera grapes 

 in which the vines are pruned similar to the Californian 

 system, except that the trunks are only a few inches 

 high. These vines are protected with a covering of 

 earth during the winter. Apples and pears do very well 

 from Cache valley in the north, through the portions 

 mentioned above, to Provo, and for some distance far- 

 ther south. It is very probable that all hardiest varie- 

 ties of apples and pears would do well in Beaver, Iron 

 and Sevier counties, but as yet very little has been done 

 with them because of the long and extremely cold win- 

 ters. In many portions of these counties the elevation 

 is 6,000 feet. , 



The climate of Washington county, in the south- 

 western corner of the state, is very mild, but is not so 

 mild as that of most of southern California. The tem- 

 perature in winter occasionally reaches zero. Vinifera 

 grapes, figs, pomegranate and almonds grow there suc- 

 cessfully without artificial protection. No attempt is 

 made to grow oranges and lemons. Peaches and apri- 

 cots grow to perfection in this region when any atten- 

 tion is given to the trees. This section was Utah's most 

 noted fruit district from ten to twenty years ago, but 

 so little care has been given to fruit trees that the 

 orchards have gone to ruin. At present the principal 

 occupation there is the growing of alfalfa and stock, 

 but the improved methods of fruit-growing will prob- 

 ably be practiced soon. For further notes on fruit- 

 growing in Utah, see Hedrick, Proc. Amer. Pomological 

 Society, session of 1899, p. 225. C. P. CLOSE. 



UTRICULARIA (Latin, a little bag or skin; referring 

 to the bladders). Lentibulari&cew. BLADDERWORT. 

 Utricularia is a genus of herbaceous plants possessing 

 little bladders which trap small aquatic animals. The 

 bladders have a valve-like door through which the ani- 

 mals enter when looking for food or when trying to 

 escape from other creatures. The bladders are most 

 numerous and effective in the species which float in 

 stagnant water. They are fewer in the marsh-inhabiting 

 species. The terrestrial kinds often have minute, de- 

 formed and useless bladders. The aquatic species are 

 characterized by much dissected Ivs. with thread-like 

 segments, a type of foliage seen in the water crowfoot 

 and other floating plants of widely different families. 

 They are quite devoid of roots. The terrestrial kinds 

 are common in the tropics and are characterized by 

 erect foliage of the ordinary type. The*e often form 



119 



UTRICULABIA 



IKS; 



little tubers by wliii-h they may be propagated. Our 

 native aquatic species propagate themselves by seeds 

 and also by winter-buds. ( A wintrr-bnd of another 

 aquatic plant is Mgurrd under A'/..,/,,,. [, 



T! "' :i'|n:itie --l-ecies art: :-.. nit-times cult i viited in 



aquaria, but their Mowers are not showy, nor are those 

 of any of the hardy kinds. The showy species are the 

 terrestrial and epiphytic kinds of the tropics. These, 

 for complexity of floral structure, beauty of color and 

 lasting qualities, vie with certain orchids. In fact, they 

 are generally grown by orchid lovers in orchid houses. 

 Perhaps the most desirable of the genus are U. mon- 

 ttnui, Endresii and ln</i folia, each of which represents 

 a different color. Well-grown baskets of these plants 

 have numerous scapes a foot or so high bearing 5-20 

 fls., each iy,-2 in. across. In general, such plants are 

 grown in warm houses, U. JSndreii requiring a stove 

 temperature, while some of the others may thrive in an 

 intermediate house. As a class they are grown in bas- 

 kets, near the light, using a compost of fibrous peat 

 and sand. The plants are kept constantly wet during 

 the growing season and until the fls. are gone. During 

 the winter they are rested, being kept in a cooler place 

 and given just enough water to keep the tubers from 

 shriveling. 



The epiphytic species deserve a word. Those who 

 are familiar with bromeliaceous plants know how the 

 water gathers in the axils of the leaves. These brome- 

 liads are themselves often epiphytic, perching on high 

 trees in moisture-laden tropical jungles. In the minia- 

 ture ponds supplied by the leaf-axils of Vriesia and 

 other bromeliads live certain Utricularias with fully 

 developed and effective bladders. Occasionally they 

 send out a long "feeler" or runner-like shoot which 



2624. Utricularia longifolia (X 



finds another bromeliad and propagates another Blad- 

 derwort. 



Utricularias have numerous slender, wiry scapes bear- 

 ing one or many flowers. Calyx large, 2-parted or 2- 

 lobed: corolla with a spur which is usually long and 

 curved under the fl.; posterior lip erect, entire, emargi- 

 nate or '.Mid: anterior lip often large, broad and showy, 

 spreading or rettexed, entire, crenate or 3-lobed, or the 

 middle lobe various. About 150 species. 



