1962 



WALNUT 



by means of two ferments or enzyms secreted by the 

 organism. One is a diastatic ferment which converts 

 the starch of Walnuts into grape sugar; the other is a 

 peptonizing ferment which digests the proteids of the 

 cells The action of these ferments becomes manifest 

 in the development of a water-soaked band immediately 

 surrounding the margin of the blackened infected spot 

 if the disease is active, and this appearance readily dis- 

 tinguishes this malady from all other injuries to the 

 nut or branch. As the secretion of the two ferments 

 depends largely upon a temperature of 65 to 75 F., a 

 much lower temperature is unfavorable to the destruc- 

 tive action of the blight upon the tissues, and when 

 such low temperature prevails the infected points are 

 likely to be cut out through the action of the cells of 

 the Walnut. 



The losses from Walnut bacteriosis are otten heavy, 

 especially in individual orchards or special localities. 

 A loss of 50 per cent of the crop is not uncommon, and 



2713. Walnut orchard in Southern California. 



occasionally as high as 80 per cent of the nuts are 

 affected in badly diseased orchards. 



The treatment of this Walnut disease has been found 

 to be difficult, but the spraying of the dormant tree has 

 shown a considerable saving when Bordeaux mixture 

 is used. It has also been learned that the hardshell 

 Walnuts are comparatively free from this disease, and 

 that certain sof tshell varieties are so nearly free that the 

 grafting of nursery stock from these resistant trees is 

 contemplated for new orchards. As no species of Wal- 

 nut except J. regia has thus far shown this disease 

 under natural conditions, many hybridizations have been 

 undertaken in hope of obtaining resistant and satisfac- 

 tory trees by this means NEWTON B. PIERCE. 



WALNUT, INDIAN. Aleurites triloba. 

 WAND PLANT. Galax aphylla. 



WANDERING JEW. Zebrina pendula and Trades- 

 cantia fluminensis. Also Saxifraqa sarmentosa. 



WAEATAH. Telopea speciosissima. 



WARDER, JOHN ASTON, physician, author, horti- 

 culturist and forester, was born at Philadelphia, Jan- 

 uary 19, 1812. His early life was spent in a suburban 

 home, where he evinced a love of nature which he cher- 

 ished through life. Bartram and Darlington were among 

 his neighbors and he met in his father's house men like 

 Audubon, Michaux and Nuttall. In 1830 his parents 

 moved to Springfield, Ohio, where he helped clear up a 

 farm and first became interested in agricultural sciences 

 and comparative anatomy. He was graduated at Jeffer- 



WARDIAN CASES 



son Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1836. He settled 

 in Cincinnati in 1837 and began the active practice of 

 medicine. He was early elected a member of the school 

 board and did faithful service for many years, making 

 it his business to travel through the eastern states and 

 cities to study systems of teaching in order to introduce 

 improved plans into the Cincinnati schools. He was 

 actively interested in and a prominent member of the 

 Cincinnati Astronomical Society, The Western Academy 

 of Natural Sciences, the Cincinnati Society of Natural 

 History. He was one of the founders of the Cincinnati 

 Horticultural Society and theWine-Growers 'Association. 

 He was also prominent in the old Cincinnati College 

 and afterward in both the Ohio and Miami Medical Col- 

 leges. He was for many years president of the Ohio 

 Horticultural Society and vice-president of the Ameri- 

 can Pomological Society. He was among the first to 

 draw public attention to the improvement of public 

 grounds, private parks and cemeteries. The present 

 interest in landscape gardening in this 

 country is largely due to his efforts and 

 writings. He was interested in estab- 

 lishing the famous Spring Grove Ceme- 

 tery., one of the earliest and best of land- 

 scape or lawn cemeteries, and was one 

 of ihe first residents of Clifton, whence 

 he moved to a farm near North Bend, 

 Ohio, formerly owned by President Har- 

 rison. There he spent most of his time 

 in testing varieties of fruit and methods 

 of culture, and prepared numerous prac- 

 tical papers for horticultural societies 

 and other readers, and in fact established 

 a private experiment station. 



In 1850 he began the publication of 

 the Western Horticultural Review, 

 which continued four years. In one 

 number is contained the first descrip- 

 tion of the Catalpa speciosa, now recog- 

 nized as one of the valuable forest trees. 

 His report of the Flax and Hemp com- 

 mission, published by the government 

 in 1865, was the result of much patient 

 study and investigation. "Hedges and 

 Evergreens" appeared in 1858. "Ameri- 

 can Pomology Apples," published in 

 1867, was the result of more than 16 

 years of careful study, aided by hun- 

 dreds of correspondents in various parts of the cen- 

 tral states. It is still considered a standard authority 

 on description and varieties of apples, containing a 

 table of varieties and synonyms of over 1,500 names. 



A report upon Forests and Forestry was the result of 

 his visit to the World's Fair at Vienna in 1873, as United 

 States Commissioner. In 1875 he issued a call for a 

 convention at Chicago to form an American Forestry 

 Society, which organization was completed at Phila- 

 delphia in September, 1876. The public was not yet im- 

 pressed with the importance of the subject, but this 

 pioneer association gave impetus to the plans for united 

 effort. In 1879-80, with the approval of various socie- 

 ties, Dr. Warder memorialized Congress, asking for a 

 commission for the study of forestry in Europe, but 

 general interest was not thoroughly aroused until, 

 largely through his efforts, the American Forestry Con- 

 gress held its meeting in Cincinnati in April, 1882. He 

 was honorary president of the Ohio State Forestry So- 

 ciety, prepared strong memorials to Congress on behalf 

 of the forests and was shortly afterward appointed 

 agent of the Department of Agriculture to report upon 

 forestry of the northwestern states. He was devoted 

 in his interest in all which concerns rural life and in- 

 dustry; his efforts had a great and marked effect on the 

 horticulture and outdoor art of the great central states. 

 Death ended an active and useful life July 14, 1883. 



R. H. WARDER. 



WARDIAN CASES are nearly air-tight glass cases 

 used for transporting growing plants on long sea voy- 

 ages. For this purpose they furnish the best and safest 

 method. They furnish the necessary light, protect the 

 plants from salt spray and foul gases, and require a 

 minimum of care, as the plants need no watering. 

 They maintain nearly uniform conditions of tempera- 



