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LINCECUMII GRAPES 



sistant to phylloxera, but is less resistant to 

 black-rot than ^Estivalis, though more so than 

 Labrusca. The foliage is rarely attacked by 

 mildew. One of the chief failings of this spe- 

 cies is the susceptibility of the leaves to the 

 attack of the leaf-hopper. 



5. Vitis cordifolia, Michx. Winter Grape. Frost 

 Grape. Fox Grape. Chicken Grape. Heart-leaved 

 Vitis. Possum Grape. Sour Winter Grape. Vine very 

 vigorous, climbing ; shoots slender ; internodes long, 

 angalar, usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent ; dia- 

 phragms thick ; tendrils intermittent, long, usually bifid. 

 Leaves with short, broad stipules ; leaf -blade medium to 

 large, cordate, entire or indistinctly three-lobed ; petiolar 

 sinus deep, usually narrow, acute ; margin with coarse 

 angular teeth ; point of leaf acuminate ; upper surface 

 light green, glossy, glabrous ; glabrous or sparingly pubes- 

 cent below. Clusters medium to large, loose, with long 

 peduncle. Berries numerous and small, black, shining, 

 little or no bloom. Seeds medium in size, broad, beak 

 short ; chalaza oval or roundish, elevated, very distinct ; 

 raphe a distinct, cord-like ridge. Fruit sour and 

 astringent and frequently consisting of little besides 

 skins and seeds. 



Owing to the fact that Cordifolia and 

 Vulpina have been badly confused, the limits 

 of the habitat of this species are difficult to 

 determine. The best authorities give the 

 northern limit as New York or the Great 

 Lakes. The eastern limit is the Atlantic 

 Ocean; the southern limit, the Gulf of Mexico. 

 It extends westward to the western limits of 

 the wooded portion of the Mississippi Valley 

 in the North, and to the Brazos River, Texas, 

 in the South. The species is found along 

 creeks and river banks sometimes mixed with 

 Vulpina, having about the same soil adapta- 

 tions as that species. It is a very common 

 species in the middle states, frequently grow- 

 ing on limestone soils, but is not indigenous to 

 such soils. Cordifolia makes a good stock for 

 grafting, as it is vigorous and forms a good 

 union with most of our cultivated grapes. It 

 is seldom used for this purpose, however, on 

 account of the difficulty of propagating it by 

 means of cuttings. For the same reason, the 

 vines are seldom found in cultivation. 



6. Vitis Berlandieri, Planch. Mountain Grape. Span- 

 ish Grape. Fall Grape. Winter Grape. Little Mountain 

 Grape. Vine vigorous, climbing ; shoots more or less 

 angled and pubescent ; pubescence remaining only in 

 patches on mature wood ; canes mostly with short 

 internodes ; diaphragms thick ; tendrils intermittent, 

 long, strong, bifid or trifid. Leaves with small stipules ; 

 leaf-blade large, broadly cordate, notched or shortly 

 three-lobed ; petiolar sinus rather open, V- or U-shaped, 

 margin with broad but rather shallow teeth, rather dark 

 glossy green above, grayish pubescence below when 

 young ; becoming glabrous and even glossy except on 

 ribs and veins, when mature. Clusters large, compact, 

 compound, with long peduncle. Berries small, black, 

 with thin bloom, juicy, rather tart but pleasant tasting 

 when thoroughly ripe. Seeds few, small, short, plump, 

 oval or roundish, with short beak ; chalaza oval or 

 roundish, distinct ; raphe narrow, slightly distinct to 

 indistinct. 



Berlandieri is a native of the limestone hills 

 of southwest Texas and adjacent Mexico. The 

 roots are strong, thick, and very resistant to 

 phylloxera. It is propagated by cuttings with 

 comparative ease, but its varieties are variable; 

 some do not root at all easily. While the fruit 

 of this 'species shows a large cluster, the berries 

 are small and sour, and Berlandieri is not re- 



garded as having promise for culture in 

 America. 



7. Vitis cestivalis, Michx. Blue Grape. Bunch 

 Grape. Summer Grape. Little Grape. Duck-shot 

 Grape. Swamp Grape. Chicken Grape. Pigeon Grape. 

 Vine very vigorous, shoots pubescent or smooth when 

 young ; diaphragms thick ; tendrils intermittent, usually 

 bifid. Leaves with short, broad stipules ; leaf -blade 

 large, thin when young but becoming thick ; petiolar 

 sinus deep, usually narrow, frequently overlapping ; 

 margin rarely entire, usually three- to five-lobed ; teeth 

 dentate, shallow, wide ; upper surface dark green ; 

 lower surface with more or less reddish or rusty pubes- 

 cence which, in mature leaves, usually shows in patches 

 on the ribs and veins ; petioles frequently pubescent 

 Clusters long, not much branched, with long peduncle. 

 Berries small, with moderate amount of bloom, usually 

 astringent. Seeds two to three, of medium size, plump, 

 smooth, not notched ; chalaza oval, distinct ; raphe a 

 distinct cord-like ridge. 



The division of the original species has ma- 

 terially reduced the habitat of /Estivalis, con- 

 fining it to the southeastern part of the United 

 States from southern New York to Florida and 

 westward to the Mississippi River. The fruit 

 usually has a tart, acrid taste, due to the 

 presence of a high percentage of acid, but there 

 is also a large amount of sugar. The berries 

 are destitute of pulp, have a comparatively 

 thin, tough skin and a peculiar spicy flavor; 

 they hang to the bunch when ripe much better 

 than do those of Labrusca. This species 

 thrives in a lighter and shallower soil than 

 Labrusca, and appears to endure drouth better, 

 although not equaling in this respect either 

 Vulpina or Rupestris. The leaves are never 

 injured by the sun, and they resist the attacks 

 of insects, such as leaf-hoppers, better than 

 any other American species under cultivation. 

 ^Estivalis is rarely injured by black-rot or 

 mildew. The hard roots enable it to resist 

 phylloxera, and varieties with any great 

 amount of the blood of this species are seldom 

 seriously injured by this insect. An objection 

 to ^Estivalis, from a horticultural standpoint, 

 is that it does not root well from cuttings. 

 Varieties of this species bear grafting well, es- 

 pecially in the vineyard. 



Vitis cestivalis Lincecumii, Munson. Post-oak Grape. 

 Pine-wood Grape. Turkey Grape. Vine vigorous, some- 

 times climbing high upon trees, sometimes forming a 

 bushy clump from two to six feet high ; canes cylindri- 

 cal, much rusty wool on shoots ; tendrils intermittent. 

 Leaves very large, almost as wide as long ; entire or 

 three-, five-, or rarely seven-lobed ; lobes frequently di- 

 vided ; sinuses, including petiolar sinus, deep ; smooth 

 above, and with more or less rusty pubescence below. 

 Fruit small to large, usually larger than typical JEsti- 

 valis. Seeds pear-shaped ; chalaza roundish. 



Lincecumii inhabits the eastern half of Texas, 

 western Louisiana,, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and 

 southern Missouri on high sandy land, fre- 

 quently climbing post-oak trees; hence the 

 name post-oak grape, by which it is locally 

 known. The species has attracted considerable 

 attention as a promising form from which to 

 secure cultivated varieties for the Southwest. 

 The qualities which recommend it are: first, 

 vigor; second, capacity to withstand rot and 

 mildew; third, hardiness and capacity to en- 

 dure hot and dry summers without injury; 

 fourth, the large cluster and berry which are 



