CANADA 



CATAWBA 



237 



ness and from acidity about the seeds; have 

 small seeds which easily part from the flesh; 

 are early, ripening nearly a fortnight before 

 Concord; bunch and berry are large and hand- 

 some; and the vines are exceptionally hardy. 

 Campbell Early 

 falls short in not 

 being adapted to 

 many soils ; the va- 

 riety lacks produc- 

 tiveness ; the grapes 

 attain full color be- 

 fore they are ripe, 

 and are, therefore, 

 often marketed in 

 an unripe condi- 

 tion; the bunch is 

 variable in size ; 

 and the color of the 

 berry is not attrac- 

 tive. George W. 

 Campbell, Dela- 

 ware, Ohio, grew 

 this variety from a 

 seedling of Moore 

 Early pollinated by 

 a Labrusca-Vinifera 

 hybrid. It bore first 

 in 1892. 



218. Campbell Early. 

 (XH) 



Vine vigorous, hardy, productive. Canes thick, dark 

 reddish-brown, surface roughened with small warts ; 

 nodes flattened ; internodes short ; shoots pubescent ; 

 tendrils intermittent, short, bifid or trifid. Leaves 

 large, thick ; lobes 3, usually entire, terminal one acute ; 

 petiolar sinus shallow, wide, basal sinus pubescent ; 

 lateral sinus wide or a notch ; teeth shallow, narrow. 

 Flowers self-fertile, open in midseason ; stamens up- 

 right. Fruit early, keeps and ships well. Clusters 

 usually large, long, broad, tapering, single-shouldered ; 

 pedicel short, slender, with small warts ; brush long, 

 light wine color. Berries usually large, round, oval, 

 dark purplish-black, dull with heavy bloom, persistent, 

 firm ; skin tough, thin, adherent with dark red pig- 

 ment, astringent ; flesh green, translucent, juicy, coarse, 

 vinous, sweet from skin to center ; good. Seeds free, 

 1-4, light brown, often with yellow tips. 



CANADA. V. vulpina X V. vinijera. Can- 

 ada is considered the most desirable hybrid 

 between Vulpina and Vinifera. The variety 

 shows Vinifera more than Vulpina parentage : 

 thus, in susceptibility to fungal diseases; in 

 shape, color, and texture of foliage; in the 

 flavor of the fruit; and in the seeds, there are 

 marked indications of Vinifera; while the vine, 

 especially in the slenderness of its shoots and 

 in the bunch and berry, shows Vulpina. The 

 fruits have little value for dessert, but make 

 very good red wine and grape-juice. Canada 

 is a seedling of Clinton, a Labrusca-Vulpina 

 hybrid, fertilized by Black St. Peters, a variety 

 of Vinifera. Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, 

 planted the seed which produced Canada in 

 1860. 



Vine very vigorous, hardy, productive. Canes long, 

 numerous, slender, ash-gray, reddish-brown at nodes 

 with heavy bloom ; nodes enlarged ; internodes short ; 

 tendrils intermittent, short, trifid or bifid. Leaves thin ; 

 terminal lobe acute ; petiolar sinus deep, narrow ; basal 

 sinus variable in depth and width ; lateral sinus deep 

 and narrow ; teeth deep and wide. Flowers self-sterile, 

 early ; stamens upright. Fruit midseason, keeps well. 



Clusters long, slender, uniform, cylindrical, compact ; 

 pedicel long, slender, smooth ; brush short, light brown. 

 Berries small, round, purplish-black, glossy with heavy 

 bloom, persistent, firm ; skin thin, tough, adherent ; 

 flesh dark green, very juicy, fine-grained, tender, spicy, 

 pleasant vinous flavor, agreeably tart ; good. Seeds free, 

 1-3, blunt, light brown. 



CARMAN. V. cestivalis Lincecumii X ? 

 Carman has not become popular with grow- 

 ers, chiefly because the grapes ripen very late 

 and are not of high quality. The most val- 

 uable character of the fruits is that of long 

 keeping, whether hanging on the vine or after 

 harvesting. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, 

 raised Carman from seed of a wild post-oak 

 grape taken from the woods, pollinated with 

 mixed pollen of Triumph and Herbemont. It 

 was introduced in 1892. 



Vine very vigorous, hardy, rather productive. Canes 

 long, numerous, thick, reddish-brown ; nodes enlarged, 

 flattened ; internodes long ; tendrils intermittent, long, 

 trifid. Leaves large, thick ; terminal lobe acute ; petiolar 

 inus deep ; basal sinus absent or shallow ; lateral sinus 

 hallow when present. Flowers self-fertile or nearly so, 



souere, compac ; pece sor, sener, smoo ; 

 brush short, slender, wine-colored. Berries small, round, 

 slightly oblate, purplish-black, glossy, covered with 

 heavy bloom, persistent, firm ; skin thin, tough, free ; 

 flesh yellowish-green, tender, post-oak flavor, vinous, 

 spicy ; good to very good. Seeds free, 1-4, small, blunt, 

 brown. 



CATAWBA. Fig. 219. V. Labrusca X V. 

 vinijera. Arkansas. Cherokee. Fancher. Leb- 

 anon. Lincoln. Michigan. Muncy. Omega. 

 Saratoga. Singleton. Tokay. Virginia. Ca- 

 tawba has long been the standard red grape 

 in the markets of eastern America, chiefly 



219. Catawba. (X%) 



because the fruit keeps well and is of high 

 quality. The vine is vigorous, hardy, and 

 productive, but the foliage and fruit are sus- 

 ceptible to fungi. These two faults account 

 for the decline of Catawba in grape regions 

 in the United States and for its growing un- 

 popularity. The characters of Catawba seem 

 readily transmissible to its offspring; besides 

 having a number of pure-bred descendants 

 which more or less resemble it, it is a parent 

 of a still greater number of cross-breeds. As 



