KING OF CLIFFS 



SOUGHEAN 



283 



was a chance seedling on the farm of A. H. 

 Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, found in 1884, and 

 the variety was introduced in 1891. 



247. Kansas. (XD 



Plants medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, 

 very productive, tender to cold ; canes numerous, stocky, 

 reddish-brown, with many strong prickles. Leaflets 

 usually 3, rather small, typical of the species. Flowers 

 10-12, in short, compact, leafy clusters at the tips of 

 branches. Fruit midseason, medium to large, broadly 

 hemispherical, variable in size and shape, with many 

 imperfect berries, glossy black ; drupelets rather small, 

 numerous, round ; flesh firm, rather dry, subacid ; quality 

 good; seeds large, hard. 



KING OF CLIFFS. Several black rasp- 

 berries have been introduced in recent years 

 as everbearing. Perhaps King of Cliffs is as 

 good as any, although one can only condemn 

 it with faint praise as to other characters than 

 everbearing. The plant resembles that of 

 Cumberland, of which it is supposed to be a 

 seedling. The berries are of fair size, jet 

 black, and of good flavor. The variety was 

 introduced by Bradley Brothers, Makanda, 

 Illinois, in 1905. 



OHIO. Alden. Before the coming of can- 

 ning and quick transporation of fresh fruit, 

 black raspberries were grown in great quanti- 

 ties to evaporate, and Ohio was the variety 

 best suited for this purpose, yielding more 

 pounds to a bushel of fresh fruit than any 

 other black raspberry, for the reason that the 

 seeds are large and heavy and the flesh is 

 firm and dry. With the decline of the evap- 

 oration of berries, Ohio is passing out, al- 

 though it is still grown where the drying in- 

 dustry survives. The variety originated about 

 1865 with Hiram Van Dusen, Palmyra, New 

 York. 



Plants of medium size and vigor, productive, upright- 

 spreading, hardy ; canes stocky, reddish-brown, numer- 

 ous, with slender spines mostly at the base. Leaflets 3, 

 small on the old canes, rather light green. Flowers 



9-11, in short, leafy clusters. Fruit midseason, hemi- 

 spherical, dull black ; drupelets of medium size, oval, 

 numerous, cohering weakly ; flesh firm, dry, mild sub- 

 acid ; quality rather poor ; seeds large, hard. 



OLDER. Once popular in the Middle West 

 and still under cultivation in Iowa and Minne- 

 sota, Older is being discarded for newer and 

 better varieties. The plant is described as 

 especially hardy, very vigorous, withstanding 

 drouth well, and as having a very drooping, 

 almost trailing, habit. The berries are large, 

 jet black, bloomless, of good but not high 

 quality. The original plant was found in a 

 garden of a Mr. Older, Independence, Iowa, 

 in 1872. 



PALMER. Acme. Now almost lost to cul- 

 tivation, Palmer was at one time the standard 

 early black raspberry, and, in particular, was 

 highly prized in parts of the Middle West. 

 The plants, however, lack in productiveness, 

 and the berries run small, so that Tyler, which 

 ripens at the same time, was generally pre- 

 ferred where both could be grown. The variety 

 was introduced by F. L. Palmer, Mansfield, 

 Ohio, in 1888. Data are not available for a 

 technical description. 



PLUM FARMER. It is difficult to judge 

 the merits of Plum Farmer, now in the first 

 flush of popularity ; but the indications are that 

 it is to become one of the leading commercial 

 black raspberries for eastern America. While 

 the plants are preeminently vigorous, hardy, 

 healthy, and productive, the chief merits are in 

 the fruits, which ripen early, are large, beauti- 

 ful, of high quality, and ship well. All in all, 

 it is a fine new fruit. The first plant was 

 found by L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, New York, in 

 a shipment of raspberries from Ohio, about 

 1892, from which introduction was begun in 

 1895. 



Plants vigorous, upright, dense, hardy, very productive, 

 healthy ; canes stocky, long, numerous, round, bright 

 red, heavily overspread with dense bloom ; prickles 

 large and long, thick, strong, straight, sharp, medium 

 in number ; branches thick, long, numerous, reddish, 

 densely coated with bloom, with internodes of medium 

 length. Fruit early, easily picked, ships well, one of 

 the best to withstand severe drouth ; berries large, very 

 black, covered with bloom, firm, uniform, sprightly at 

 first, becoming mild at full maturity, juicy ; quality 

 good ; seeds small, hard. 



SCARFF. A seedling of Gregg and at first 

 called Improved Gregg, Scarff is well spoken 

 of by growers in Ohio and Maryland. On the 

 grounds of the New York Agricultural Ex- 

 periment Station, Geneva, New York, where 

 the author has seen them, the variety is a 

 failure, but the plants seem to have been 

 abnormal from the start. The plants are 

 usually satisfactory, but it is the fruit that 

 attracts particular attention. The berries are 

 described as the largest of black raspberries 

 and as of highest quality. The variety was 

 introduced by W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, 

 Ohio, in 1906. 



SOTJGHEGAN. For many years Soughe- 

 gan divided honors with Tyler, the two being 

 almost identical, as the best early black rasp- 



