408 Experimental Zoology 



has a sting, the drones are without this organ. When the ab- 

 domen of the gynandromorph was like that of a worker, the 

 sting was perfectly developed; but if the abdomen was more 

 or less like that of a drone, the sting was deformed and soft; 

 and when the abdomen was entirely male in character, the com- 

 plicated capulatory organs resembled completely those of a nor- 

 mal drone, and the sting was absent. 



In regard to the internal reproductive organs, great irregularity 

 was found to exist. No definite relation was observable between 

 the kind of the somatic part and its contained reproductive 

 organ. Male and female parts were often combined in the re- 

 productive organs themselves, ovarian and sperm chambers 

 being united in the same organ. In a few cases, where externally 

 a normal male genital apparatus was present, ovaries and ovi- 

 ducts occurred. 



Von Siebold thought that these results could be explained in 

 accordance with the Dzierzon theory on the grounds that an 

 insufficient number of spermatozoa entered the egg so that parts 

 of it lacked sufficient quantities of the male element. This 

 view is, in principle, the same that has been used in more recent 

 times to explain the same result ; although, owing to our com- 

 pleter knowledge of what takes place in fertilization, we can 

 bring the interpretation into better accord with modern views. 



Gynandromorphs have also been found in other groups of 

 Hymenoptera. There are some eighty cases recorded by Dalle 

 Torre and Friese in 1899. Wheeler has recently reviewed all 

 previously recorded cases in ants and described some new ones. 

 In the group of butterflies and moths as many as 1074 cases are 

 recorded by O. Schultz. 



Boveri has offered the following theory to account for the ap- 

 pearance of gynandromorphous forms. He assumes that the 

 spermatozoon fails to unite with the nucleus of the egg, but after 

 the female nucleus has divided, the male nucleus conjugates 

 with one of the two resulting nuclei. Consequently there will be 

 present in the embryo two kinds of nuclei, one kind derived 

 from the single nucleus resulting from the first division, and the 



