434 Experimental Zoology 



form and characteristics of the male, and since in the immature 

 condition the male has characters in common with the female, 

 the resemblance may be due to this rather than to the develop- 

 ment of the female characters by the male body. For instance, 

 the beard is undeveloped in boyhood and the voice is pitched 

 higher than in man. In these respects the boy resembles the girl, 

 and should he fail to develop a beard and retain his high voice 

 when he is full grown, it may seem that he has assumed the 

 female characters, while in reality he has only retained the 

 immature conditions of his own sex. 



There is a further possibility to be considered. Castration 

 may affect changes that are associated with this condition itself 

 and have no relation to the differences between the sexes. 

 These possibilities will show that great caution must be exer- 

 cised in interpreting the results of castration of the male. 



A side light is thrown on the problem from another direction. 

 The removal of the ovaries of the female is supposed to induce 

 the development of male characters, and if this is the case the 

 results would seem to support the converse proposition discussed 

 above. Let us, therefore, next examine this question. 



It has been shown experimentally that the removal of the 

 ovaries in young rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs causes a lack 

 of development of the mammary glands. The uterus also fails 

 to reach its full development. Other effects than these are not 

 recorded. It is improbable that any one will claim that the 

 failure of the mammary gland to develop is due to the assump- 

 tion of a male character, and yet the argument is not dissimilar 

 from the failure of the larynx to develop in the castrated male, 

 and this has been interpreted, as we have seen, as due to the 

 development of a female character. 



There seem to be no cases on record of artificial castration 

 of female deer, but there are a few cases recorded in which the 

 ovaries were degenerate and horns had developed. There are 

 also three other cases, cited by Rorig, in which the young doe 

 showed horns, and it was found upon examination that slight 

 abnormalities were present in the ovaries, but they were so slight 



