Chai'. I. THEIR PARENTAGE. 25 



marked resemblance between the pariali dogs of certain 

 districts of India and the Indian wolf.^° 



With res^pect to Jackals, Isidore GeoflFroy Saint-Hilaire -^ 

 says that not one constant difference can be pointed out between 

 their structure and that of the smaller races of dogs. They 

 agree closely in habits : jackals, when tamed and called by 

 their master, wag their tails, lick his hands, crouch, and throw 

 themselves on their backs ; they smell at the tails of other 

 dogs, and void their urine sideways ; they roll on carrion or 

 on animals which they have killed ; and, lastly, when in high 

 spirits, they run round in circles or in a figure of eight, with 

 their tails between their legs.^^ A number of excellent 

 naturalists, from the time of Giildenstiidt to that of Ehren- 

 berg, Hemprich, and Cretzschmar, have expressed themselves 

 in the strongest terms with respect to the resemblance of the 

 half-domestic dogs of Asia and Egypt to jackals. M. Nord- 

 mann, for instance, says, " Les chiens d'Awhasie ressemblent 

 etonnamment a des chacals." Ehrenberg -^ asserts that the 

 domestic dogs of Lower Egypt, and certain mummied dogs, 

 have for their wild type a species of wolf (C. lupaster) of the 

 country; whereas the domestic dogs of Kubia and certain 

 other mummied dogs have the closest relation to a wild species 

 of the same country, viz. C. sabbar, which is only a form of 

 the common jackal. Pallas asserts that jackals and dogs 

 sometimes naturally cross in the East ; and a case is on 

 record in Algeria.^* The greater number of naturalists 

 divide the jackals of Asia and Africa into several species, but 

 some few rank them all as one. 



^^ I give this on excellent authority. See also ' Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, 



namely, Mr. Blyth (under the signa- par Prof. Gervais, 1855, tom. ii. p. 60. 

 lure of Zoophilus), in the ' Indian ^^ Also Giildenstiidt, ' Nov. Com- 



Sporting Review,' Oct. 1856, p. 134. ment. Acad. Petrop.,' torn, sx., pro 



Mr. Blyth states that he was struck anno 1775, p. 449. Also Salvin, in 



with the resemblance between a brush- 'Land and Water,' Oct. 1869. 

 tailed race of pariah-dogs, north-west ^^ Quoted by De Blainville in his 



of Cawnpore, and the Indian wolf. He 'Osteographie, Canidoe,' pp. 79, 98. 

 gives corroborative evidence with ^* See Pallas, in ' Act. Acad. St. 



respect to the dogs of the valley of Petersburgh,' 1780, part ii. p. 91. 



the Nerbudda. For Algeria, see Isid. Geoffroy St.- 



^' For numerous and interesting Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 



details on the resembknce of dogs and 177. In both countries it is the male 



jackals, see Isid. Geoffroy St. -Hilaire, jackal which pairs with female 



'Hit'-.. Nat. Gen.,' 1860, tom. iii. p. 101. domestic dogs. 



