86 DOGS. CiiAP. I 



naturalists have seen not rarely an additional pair in ',he upper 

 jaw;" and Professor Gervais says that there are dogs "qui ont 

 sept paires de dents superieures et huit inferieures." De Blain- 

 ville^* has given full particulars on the frequency of these deviations 

 in the number of the teeth, and has shown that it is not always the 

 same tooth which is supernumerary. In short-muzzled races, 

 according to H. Miiller/^ the molar teeth stand obliquely, whilst 

 in long-muzzled races they are placed longitudinally, with open 

 spaces between them. The naked, so-called Egyptian or Turkish 

 dog is extremely deficient in its teeth,'^"— sometimes having none 

 except one molar on each side ; but this, though characteristic of 

 the breed, must be considered as a monstrosity. M. Girard," who 

 seems to have attended closely to the subject, says that the period 

 of the appearance of the permanent teeth differs in different dogs, 

 being earlier in large dogs ; thus the mastiff assumes its adult teeth 

 in four or five mouths, whilst in the spaniel the period is sometimes 

 more than seven or eight months. On the other hand small dogs 

 are mature, and the females have arrived at the best age for 

 breeding, when one year old, whereas large dogs " are still in their 

 puppyhood at this time, and take fully twice as long to develop 

 their proportions."^^ 



With respect to minor differences little need be said. Isidore 

 Geoffroy has shown '^^ that in size some doj;s are six times as long 

 (the tail being excluded) as others ; and that the height relatively 

 to the length of the body varies from between one to two, and one 

 to nearly four. In the Scotch deer-hound there is a striking and 

 remarkable difference in the size of the male and female.'^* Every 

 one knows how the ears vary in size in different breeds, and with 

 their great development their muscles become atrophied. Certain 

 breeds of dogs are described as having a deep furrow between the 

 nostrils and lips. The caudal vertebrae, according to F. Cuvier, 

 on whose authority the two last statements rest, vary in number ; 

 and the tail in English cattle and some shepherd dogs is almost 

 absent. The mammfe vary from seven to ten in number ; Dauben- 

 ton, having examined twenty-one dogs, found eight with five 

 mammse on each side ; eight with foiir on each side ; and the others 



" Isid. Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, these dogs, which had only a single 



'Hist, des Anomalies,' 1832, torn. i. molar on each side and some imperfect 



p. 660, Gervais, ' Hist. Nat. des incisors. 



Mammiftres,' torn, ii., 1855, p. 66. "' Quoted in 'The Veterinary,' 



De Blainville (' Osteographie, Canidse,' London, vol. viii. p. 415. 



p. 137) has also seen an extra molar "- This is quoted from Stonehenge, 



on both sides. a great authority, 'The Dog,' 1867, 



^* 'Osteographie, Canida>,' p. 137. p. 187. 



^^ Wiirzburger, 'Medecin. Zeits- '^^ 'Hist. Nat. General,' torn. iii. p. 



cl.Tlft,' 1860, B. i. s. 265. 448. 



60 Mr. Yarrell, in ' Proc. Zoolog. «* W. Scrope, ' Art of Deer-Stalk- 



Soc.,' Oct. 8th, 1833. Mr. Water- ing,' p. 354. 

 house showed me n skull of one of 



