THt STEM OF VASCULAR PLANTS. 13S 



lower part of the stem becomes hard at the end of 

 autumn, and remains above the earth, after the death of 

 the upper part, under the form of a more or less elon- 

 gated stump. This persistent part has received the par- 

 ticular name of Stock (caudex ; soucke) when it is on 

 a level with the earth ; or of Root-stock (rhizoma ; 

 rhizome) when it is buried under the surface. The 

 orbicular plate which forms the base of bulbs, and the 

 neck of perennial herbaceous plants, are true subter- 

 ranean stocks. 



Perennial (perennes ; vivaces) Stems, i. e. those 

 which last several years, are in general of a firmer, 

 harder, and more tenacious texture than annual ones, 

 and only present an herbaceous appearance in their 

 Scions or young shoots (turiones ; scions, jeu7ies 

 pousses) ; this is the name which is given to the young- 

 parts, formed during the year, which are still of a soft 

 and greenish texture. Gardeners, and especially Roger 

 Schabol, give to the scions the name of Buds (houryeons). 

 Hedwig designates annular shoots by the Latin name of 

 Innovatio7ies< 



Herbaceous stems may be distinguished into — 



1st. Fleshy or Succulent (succulenti ; cJiarnues) 

 Stems, i. e. those the external part of which is for a 

 long time covered with a highly-developed green paren- 

 chyma — as, for example, in the Candle Plant and 

 Stapelia. 



2d. Woody (lignosi, fructicosi ; ligneuses) Stems, 

 i. e. those which have the texture and appearance of 

 wood. When the texture is intermediate between that 

 of wood and of herbaceous plants, the stem is said to be 

 Sub-ligneous (suhlignosus, suffruticosus ; sous-ligneuse, 

 demi-ligneuse). 



Woody plants are distinguished into — 



1st. Undeu-shkues (siijf'rutices ; soiis-arbrisscaux), 



