292 



JUGLANDACEjE. 



[Diclinous Exogens. 



Order XCVI. JUGLANDACEiE.— Juglands. 



eorie, 215. (1813) ; Ktinth. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. 343; Blume, Fl 

 Nat. 397. ; Endiich. ccxliv. 



Diagnosis.— Quernal Exogens, with 1 cell in the ovary, and 1 solitary erect ovule. 



Juglaiideae, D.C. Theorie, 215. (1813) ; Kunlh. in Ann. Sc. Nat.2. 343; Blume, Fl.Jav.; Bartl. Ord. 



Nat. 397. ; Endiich. ccxliv. 



Trees, with a watery or resinous juice. Leaves alternate, pinnated, usually undotted. 

 Stipules none. Flowers herbaceous, inconspicuous. Flowers imperfect, $ <j> ; the $ 

 in catkins, the £ in terminal clusters ; occasionally 

 both mingled in 1 panicle. $ Calyx adherent to a 

 scale-like bract, 2- 3- 6-parted, with membranous un- 

 equal segments. Stamens 3, or a considerable number, 

 with short free filaments and erect 2-celled anthers. 

 9 either terminal, clustered, and surrounded with a 

 few small bracts of the bud, or in loose racemes inclosed 

 in a 1-flowered involucre, which is cup-shaped at the 

 base, united with the base of the calyx, growing with 

 its growth, and finally acquiring unequal wing-like ex- 

 pansions. Calyx adherent to the ovary, with a minute 

 limb, in from 3 to 5 deciduous or shrivelling divisions. 

 Corolla usually 0, occasionally minute petals. Ovary ad- 

 herent, 2- or 4-celled at the base, 1 -celled at the apex, 

 with a short column on which the ovule is seated. 

 Ovule solitary, erect, on the point of the central co- 

 lumn, orthotropal. Styles 1 or 2, very short; stigmas 2-4, 

 seldom more, and unequal, fringed ; sometimes sessile, 

 discoid, 4-lobed. Drupe 1 -stoned, naked, or in an adhe- 

 rent involucre ; with the sarcocarp usually separating 

 from a 2-valved or valveless stone, which is 2-4-celled 

 at the base and 1-celled at the apex. Seed erect, with- 

 out albumen, smooth or wrinkled, 2- or 4-lobed at the 

 base, and partly divided by partial dissepiments which 

 cut into it. Cotyledons fleshy, oily, sinuous. Radicle 

 very short, superior. 



Almost everybody refers these fine trees to the neigh- 

 bourhood of the plants called Terebints by Jussieu ; to 

 which, however, their affinity is obscure. On the con- 

 trary, with the single exception of their terebinthinous leaves, all the points of their 

 structure seem to point to Mastworts, with which they accord in their unisexual flowers, 

 adherent calyx, and large exalbuminous embryo, which in Synfedrys and some Oaks 

 is also 4-lobed and wrinkled. This too seems to be the opinion of M. Adrien de 

 Jussieu (Cours elementaire, p. 510). Endlicher, however, still regards them as related 

 to the Terebints through Pistacia, and there is no doubt that they are so, although, as 

 has been already stated (p. 289), they seem to have a nearer resemblance to Mast- 

 worts. 



Chiefly found in North America ; a few are East Indian ; one species, the common 

 Walnut, is a native of Persia and Cashmere ; another, of Caucasus ; and a third, of the 

 West India Islands. 



The bark is acrid and purgative : so is the rind of the fruit of the common Walnut, 

 notwithstanding its astringency. This quality is not confined to J. regia, but gives its 

 name to the J. cathartica of the United States. The seed of the Walnut is esteemed for 

 its sweetness and wholesome qualities. It abounds in oil, of a very drying nature, and 

 valuable for domestic purposes. Mr. Vigne says that above 12,000 ass loads of Walnut 

 kernels are annually appropriated to the oil press in Cashmere, where Walnut oil is 

 preferred to Linseed oil, and is chiefly employed in cookery and for burning in lamps. 

 This oil possesses such qualities as fairly entitle it to introduction into Europe, and if 

 divested of its mucilage, it might, perhaps, compete with oil of Olives, at least for medi- 



Fig. CCII.— Juglans regia ; 1. a $ catkiu ; '2. a pair of £ flowers ; 3. perpendicular section of 

 a p flower ; 4. perpendicular section of a ripe Walnut. 



