164 VEGETABLE ORGANOGRAPHY. 



destroyed after flowering, and the torus, which sur- 

 rounds the fruit, is found marked with their cicatrices. 

 I do not know any other example where we can find 

 these organs adherent to the fruit. But frequently they 

 remain without falling, and surround the base, as we see 

 in the Campanulaceas, Ericineae, several Leguminosae, 

 &c. But these persistent stamens or petals, do not 

 cause any remarkable differences in the history of the 

 fruit. 



Let us now see what takes place when the torus, and 

 the calyx or perigone, united, adhere to the carpels, and 

 form what is called an adherent ovary or calyx. Through- 

 out the following, I only speak of the calyx for the sake 

 of abbreviation, but the whole of the section is equally 

 applicable to the perigone. This phenomenon necessa- 

 rily supposes, — 1st, that the pieces of the calyx or 

 perigone are united together, so as to form a tube more 

 or less prolonged ; 2d, that the torus is united to this 

 tube, and consequently the stamens and petals are peri- 

 gynous; 3d, that the carpels either adhere together or 

 are reduced to one. All these conditions are frequently 

 found united in the calyciflorous or perigynous families, 

 in which alone the phenomenon can be met with. We 

 frequently find in the same family every intermediate 

 degree between the free and adherent calyx. Thus, we 

 observe in the Rosaceae, genera with the calyces free 

 and expanded, and with the carpels distinct, as in Poten- 

 tilla and Spircea: others with the calyx free, and more 

 or less cup-shaped, enclosing sometimes several carpels, 

 sometimes a solitary one, without adhering to them, as 

 Alchemilla and Rosa ; and there are others (Pomaceae) 

 where the carpels cohere together, and are surrounded 

 by the fleshy calyx, as the Pear and Medlar. Analo- 

 gous transitions are observed in the Ficoids, Saxifragese, 

 Caprifoliaceae, &c. ; on the contrary, the adhesion of the 



