STRUCTURE OF FRUIT. 167 



usually intimate and lasting ; but it happens in some 

 cases, such as Cosmibuena, a genus of the Rubiacese, 

 near Quinquina, that at maturity it becomes detached 

 from the ovary, and only covers it over without exactly 

 adhering. 



The free part of the calyx is presented under very 

 different forms, which influence the appearance of the 

 fruit and frequently its history ; it is sometimes scarious, 

 sometimes membranous, and sometimes completely ab- 

 sent, either from the time of flowering or at maturity. 



When the entire tube of the calyx is united with the 

 ovary, and its lobes do not undergo any change, they 

 remain at the top of the fruit under the form of teeth, 

 as in CEnanthe or Conium, or they form a kind of eye, 

 as in the Pear or Apple. 



If the tube be prolonged beyond the ovary and harden 

 after flowering, it results that the fruit is crowned with 

 a kind of peculiar collar, as in the Pomegranate and 

 some species of Gardenia. 



Sometimes these lobes enlarge, remaining foliaceous, 

 or becoming slightly fleshy after flowering. 



We have seen, in speaking of the modifications of 

 flowers, that it constantly happens in those which are 

 collected into a compact head, and sometimes in others, 

 that the limb of the calyx has a membranous and sca- 

 rious texture : in this case it remains at the top of the 

 fruit, and the name of Pappus is given to it. 



Its function only begins to be important at the time 

 of the dissemination of the seeds. 



These scarious calyces sometimes have their lobes 

 united into a single entire or toothed body, which causes 

 the fruit to be crowned with a scarious cup, as in Favo- 

 nium, Chrysogonum, Scabiosa stellata, &c. At other 

 times each lobe remains distinct, and takes either the 

 form of a little scale, as in Apuleia, Centaurea Crupina, 



