1G8 VEGETABLE ORGANOGRAPHY. 



&c, or that of a long process, as in Pedis. Most fre- 

 quently each lobe is, as it were, replaced by a greater or 

 less number of scales in the form of hairs, which are 

 called the hairs of the pappus : they are sometimes 

 simple and free, and then the pappus is said to be 

 Hairy, as in Sonchus ; sometimes irregularly united 

 together, and then the pappus is Branched, for exam- 

 ple, in Stcuhelina ; sometimes toothed on the margins, 

 as in Hieracium and Chondrilla ; sometimes bearded 

 laterally, as in Scorzonera, and then the pappus is 

 Feathery. 



The pappus, which is called Stipitate, is produced 

 because the calyx, and perhaps an elongation of the 

 pericarp, is prolonged perceptibly above the point where 

 the seed terminates ; as this portion is empty it remains 

 thin, filiform, and appears, at first sight, rather a sup- 

 port of the pappus than a part of the fruit ; we see it in 

 Tragopogon, &c. 



It sometimes happens that the pappus is in two rows, 

 which do not resemble each other. In this case, the 

 outer row is certainly the limb of the calyx ; but I should 

 not be surprised to find it proved that the inner row is 

 a prolongation either of the torus, or of the pericarp ; 

 this is observed in some species of Centaurea. 



The limb of the calyx of the Valerianeas, during 

 flowering, is rolled inwards, so as only to present a small 

 circular limb ; it afterwards unrolls, and the fruit is 

 crowned with a feathery pappus ; the Proteaceas have a 

 kind of pappus which is formed by the limb of the 

 perigone. 



Finally, the limb of the calyx is sometimes com- 

 pletely absent ; this phenomenon may take place even 

 during the time of flowering, when the whole of the 

 calyx is united with the ovary, as happens in most of 

 the Umbellifera? ; still even in this case the lobes almost 



