RIVER FISHERIES. 91 



APPENDIX EXTRACTS. 



ARTIFICIAL BREEDING OF TROUT AND SHAD. 



The artificial breeding of fishes is, in theory, familiar to most peo- 

 ple, but in practice, very little is known of the necessary details. 



In France, thanks to the labours of Professor Coste in carrying out 

 the discoveries of Joseph Remy, pisciculture has become a true in- 

 dustry. The Imperial establishment at Huningue, founded fifteen 

 years ago, produced, in 1861, 16,000,000 of eggs. These were of 

 several species, (all, however, of the Salmonidse,) viz., the Fera, 

 (coregonus fera,) which is like our white fish ; the Ombre chevalier, 

 (Salmo umbla) called in the Tyrol, Salbling, and in England, Charr ; 

 the large and valuable Danube salmon, (salmo huchd), called Huchen 

 by the Germans ; the great trout of the lakes, (Salmo Trutta,) which 

 is the Seeforelle of the Germans, Truite Saumone'e of the French, 

 and sea trout of the English ; the common salmon, (salmo solar,) 

 and the European brook trout, (Salmo fario,) called Forelle by the 

 Germans. This excellent establishment is (or was) nevertheless de- 

 fective in two respects ; first, in the imperfect means of getting eggs, 

 which are callected at distant points, and consequently arrive often 

 in bad condition ; whereas, so extensive and well appointed a place 

 should, in most cases, raise or keep its own breeding fish ; secondly, 

 in the small variety of fish cultivated, and those all of one family. 

 All of which is said not to criticize what has been effected, but to 

 point out what may be iu future expected. To breed trout success- 

 fully there are needed (1,) good and abundant water; (2,) proper 

 apparatus ; (3,) a regular supply of breeding fish ; (4,) general skill 

 and care in the operation ; (5,) plenty of food. The water should 

 be of a spring ; pure, clear, and as near 47 the year round as may 

 be. Moreover, it should flow constantly. To avoid the mud and 

 overflow of freshets, the breeding ponds should never be in the main 

 stream. But this should be dammed, and from the mill-pond thus 

 made, a canal or a flume should be led to Supply the needful water. 

 At the mouth of this canal may be a sluice-gate against freshets, and 

 there must be, also, a barrier to prevent the escape of the fish. This 

 may be either a water-wheel moving below in a casing, and turned 

 by the current, or, if there should be a little fall, a horizontal raised 

 grating may be placed just under it. These contrivances are better 



