C. 



FIG. 76. Three views of the 

 skull-top from near Elber- 

 feld on the Rhine, known 

 as the Neanderthal skull 

 (Middle Pleistocene, Mous- 

 tierian, or last Glacial 

 Period : epoch of the Mam- 

 moth). These figures are 

 partly copied by kind per- 

 mission of Mr. Worthington 

 G. Smith, F.LS., from 

 excellent figures published 

 by him in his interesting 

 book, Man, the Primitive 

 Savage (Stanford, 1899). 

 In all respects the measure- 

 ments of this skull-top agree 

 very closely with those of 

 the skull from the Chapelle- 



in front. B. Side view show- 

 ing the line a-/>, and the 

 other lines, a-c, d, e, and/", 

 exactly as in Fig. 65. The 

 shallowness of the cranial 

 dome and the small pro- 

 jection of the frontal boss 

 d, agree exactly with the 

 measurements of the Chap- 

 elle skull shown in Fig. 65. 

 C. View of the skull-top 

 from below. This gives the 

 outline of the Neander- 

 man's skull as seen from 

 above, and shows the 

 curious vizor-like expansion 

 of the ridges over the orbits, 

 the pinching in just behind 

 them, and the elongate 

 shape of the skull, with its 

 great breadth in the hinder 

 region. The French skull 

 from the Chapelle agrees 

 exactly in outline with this, 

 and in both the volume of 

 the cranial cavity given by 

 this large expanse amounts 

 to 1600 cubic centimetres, 

 in spite of the flatness of 

 the cranial dome a greater 

 volume than that of the 

 Cromagnon skull drawn in 

 Fig. 75, or of the average 

 modern European. 



