THE CAVE-MEN'S SKULLS 393 



craft. Stone lamps have actually been discovered in 

 the caves. Their ceremonial treatment of the dead 

 shows that already the lines were laid for that worship 

 of the " spirits of the departed," which became general, 

 and is especially familiar to us in the comparatively 

 modern civilisation of Rome and the Etruscans. There 

 is also evidence that they made simple musical instru- 

 ments. 



In the cave-deposits of the Post-Glacial or Reindeer 

 Age, the human skulls and skeletons which have been 

 found (not indicating more than thirty or forty indi- 

 viduals altogether from widely separate localities) show 

 a very well-developed race, with large brain -case (Fig. 75), 

 quite equal to that of modern Europeans. Some of 

 these men were very tall, one of the skeletons from the 

 Mentone caves being that of a man 6 ft. 3^ in. in height. 

 The cavity of the skull (which corresponds very closely 

 in size with that of the brain which it contained) would 

 hold about 1550 units of water (the unit referred to is 

 a cubic centimetre, 1550 of which are equal to a little 

 less than two and a half English pints). It is not 

 surprising that these Reindeer Men had fine brains, 

 for their carvings and pictures show them to have been 

 real artists, not mere savage scrawlers. This race is 

 called the " Cromagnards," after the first skulls dis- 

 covered at Cromagnon, in Central France. They had 

 big, strong lower jaws, with prominent chins, like many 

 fine modern races (e.g. the New Zealanders), and fine, 

 narrow noses. The face and upper jaws were somewhat 

 prominent, though not nearly so much so as in modern 

 negroes. The skull-bones were thick and strong. The 

 brain-case or cranial part of the skull was oblong rather 

 than round. 



The skulls of the older race that ol the Last 

 Glacial or Moustierian Age the Neander Men, were 



