THE CAVE-MEN'S SKULLS 397 



is absent in the Neander race ; the bone here is flat, and 

 not in-pushed. This absence of " modelling," absence of 

 the canine " fossa " or valley (as it is called), is seen in 

 the larger apes as well as in the Neander Men. This 

 point does not show in our figures. Some writers think 

 it probable that the Neander Men of the late Glacial Age 

 were the ancestors of the Cromagnards of the Reindeer 

 Age, and also that the artistic Cromagnards were trans- 

 formed, after many thousand years, into the comparatively 

 dull and inartistic people of the Neolithic period. It 

 seems to me, on the contrary, more probable (as is held 

 by some of the French prehistorians) that the Reindeer 

 Men died out, and were replaced by the Neolithic herds- 

 men who migrated into Western Europe as the climate 

 became milder. The notion that the Esquimaux of 

 to-day are the Reindeer Men of France who have 

 migrated northwards with their reindeer, following the 

 receding ice, has been entertained, but is regarded by the 

 most careful inquirers as untenable. As to the earlier 

 change of race, I hold that it is not possible to contend 

 that the Neander Men developed into the Cromagnards of 

 the Reindeer Age actually in the south of France. If the 

 lower race or species gave rise to the higher, the enormous 

 transformation did not occur here nor in Europe at all, 

 nor during the later Pleistocene period. Human skulls 

 of the Reindeer Age are known which present an ap- 

 proach to the characters of the Neander race, such as 

 the heavy bony eyebrows. But it seems that this is 

 accounted for by the survival of some Neander families 

 alongside of the powerful Cromagnard men and the 

 interbreeding of the two. The Cromagnards had pro- 

 bably lived with their reindeer in some more southern 

 area during the late Glacial Age, and arrived in southern 

 France as the climate improved and became suitable to 

 their accustomed quarry. How and where they de- 



