ANNOTATIONS AND ADDITIONS. 69 



when it was introduced by Norman conquerors and settlers. 

 In the probably very limited communication of the Guanches 

 with the Coast of Africa, the small size of the boats would 

 prevent the transport of large animals. The true Berber 

 race, diffused throughout the interior of Northern Africa, 

 and to which theTibbos and Tuaricks, as already men- 

 tioned, belong, owes doubtless to the use of the camel 

 throughout the Lybian desert and its Oases, not only the 

 advantages of intercommunication, but also the preservation 

 of its national existence to the present day. On the other 

 hand, the negro races never, of their own accord, made any 

 use of the camel ; it was only in company with the conquer- 

 ing expeditions and proselyting missions of the Bedouins, 

 carrying their prophet's doctrines over the whole of Northern 

 Africa, that the useful animal of theNedjid, of theNabatheans, 

 and of all the countries inhabited by Aramean races, spread 

 to the westward and was introduced among the black popu 

 lation. The Goths took camels as early as the fourth 

 century to the Lower Istros (the Danube), and the Ghazne- 

 vides conveyed them in much larger numbers as far as India 

 and the banks of the Ganges." We must distinguish two 

 epochs in the diffusion of the camel throughout the northern 

 part of the African continent; one under the Ptolemies, 

 operating through Gyrene on the whole of the north-west of 

 Africa; and the Mohammedan epoch of the conquering 

 Arabs. 



It has long been a question, whether those domestic 

 animalswhich have been the earliest companions of mankind 

 oxen, sheep, dogs, and camels are still to be met with in a 



