436 DUTCH, FRIESIAN OR HOLSTEINS. 



tained to a degree of excellence unsurpassed by any other breed. 

 The reasons for these two lines of management are easily seen : in 

 England the price of meat has so enormously increased of late 

 years as to pay farmers better to raise meat and import their butter 

 and cheese ; while in Holland their attention is devoted especially 

 to the dairy and the manufacture of butter and cheese, and there- 

 fore they are especially particular in the breeding, keeping and care 

 of milch cows. 



When selecting a cow to breed from, they choose one of a con- 

 siderable size, not less than four and a half or five feet girth, with a 

 length of body corresponding ; legs proportionately short ; a finely- 

 formed head, with a forehead or face somewhat concave; clear, 

 large, mild and sparkling eyes, yet with no expression of wildness ; 

 tolerably large and stout ears, standing out from the head ; fine, 

 well-curved horns ; a rather short than long, thick, broad neck, 

 well set against the chest and withers ; the front part of the chest 

 and the shoulders must be broad and fleshy ; the low-hanging dew- 

 lap must be soft to the touch ; the back and loins must be properly 

 projected, somewhat broad; the bones not too deep, but well cov- 

 ered with flesh ; the animal should have long, curved ribs, which 

 form a large breast-bone ; the body must be round and deep, but 

 not sunken into a hanging belly ; the rump must not be uneven ; 

 the hip-bones should not stand out too broad and spreading, but 

 all the parts be level and well filled up ; a fine tail, set moderately 

 high up, and tolerably long, but slender, with a thick, bushy tuft of 

 hair at the end, hanging down below the hocks ; the legs must be 

 short and low, but strong in the bony structure ; the knees broad, 

 with flexible joints ; the muscles and sinews must be firm and 

 sound ; the hoofs broad and flat, and the position of the legs nat- 

 ural, not too close and crowded ; the hide, covered with fine glossy 

 hair, must be soft and mellow to the touch, and set loose upon the 

 body ; a large, rather long, white and loose udder, extending well 

 back, with four long teats ; large and prominent milk-veins must 

 extend from the navel back to the udder. The color of the North 

 Dutch cattle is black and white beautifully contrasted. 



The Holsteins are now recognized as a very superior kind of 

 large Shorthorn cattle, remarkably good for milk, both in quantity 

 and quality. As working-oxen they have a very high reputation, 

 being large, strong, well-made, quick, high-spirited, have great endu- 

 rance of heat, are very muscular, and, having great aptitude to fatten, 

 drovers and butchers esteem them highly. They are extremely 

 valuable to cross with other breeds. 



Four cows, each five years old, measured six feet four inches in 



