LIFE-ZONKS OK THK YOSKMITE REGION 



Fig. 1 



ALTITUDES OF LIFE-ZONES IN THE 



YOSEMITE REGION WITH PLANT 



AND BIRD INDICATORS 



Lower Soxoran — Sea level to 500 feet. Grassland with scattered valley oaks; other- 

 wise largely treeless except along streams. Confined to the lowlands of the Great 

 Valley. Birds — Red-bellied hawk, barn owl, burrowing owl, Texas nighthawk, 

 horned lark, cowbird, American goldfinch, blue grosbeak, least vireo, yellowthroat, 

 mockingbird. 



Upper Sonor.nn — 500 to 3,000-4,000 feet. Digger pine, blue oak, interior live oak, 

 scrub oak, mountain mahogany, toyon and other chaparral plants. The brushland 

 or chaparral zone of the foothills. Birds — Nuttall's woodpecker, scrub jay, Bell's 

 sparrow, brown towhee, Hutton's vireo, California thrasher, Bewick's wren, plain 

 titmouse, wren-tit, western bluebird. 



Transition — 3,000-4,000 to 6,000-7,000 feet. Ponderosa pine, sugar pine, incense- 

 cedar, white fir, Douglas-fir, black oak, canyon live oak, bigleaf maple, dogwood. 

 Birds — Pygmy owl, band-tailed pigeon, California purple finch, solitary vireo, 

 Nashville warbler, black-throated grav warbler, Tolmie's warbler, winter wren. 



Canadian— 6,000-7,000 to 8,000-9,000 'feet. Red fir, Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine, 

 white pine, quaking aspen, chinquapin. Birds — Sooty grouse, goshawk, calliope 

 hummingbird, Williamson's sapsucker, Hammond's flycatcher, Cassin's purple 

 finch, Townsend's solitaire, Lincoln's sparrow. 



HuDsoNiAN— 8,000-9,000 to 11,000-11,500 feet. Whitebark pine, mountain hem- 

 lock. Birds — .Arctic three-toed woodpecker, mountain bluebird, California pine 

 grosbeak, Clark's nutcracker, white-crowned sparrow. 



Arctic-alpine — 11,000-11,500 and above. Dwarf willow, various dwarf or matted 

 flowering plants, and turf-forming grasses and sedges, the area above timberline. 

 Birds — Sierra Nevada rosy finch. 



MANDIBLC 



PARTS OF A BIRD 

 Pig. 2 



INNER TOE 



MIDDLE TOE 

 OUTER TOE 



