PRINCIPLES OF FEEDING. 145 



II. Kinds. 



1. Concentrate. A food which contains a 

 minimum amount of crude fiber and water in 

 proportion to the nutrients is called a concen- 

 trate. 



2. Roughage. A food which contains a large 

 amount of crude fiber or of water in proportion 

 to its nutritive elements is called roughage, 

 coarse food, or forage. 



The element of bulk must be taken into con- 

 sideration in determining a ration, especially for 

 a ruminant. If a food is too concentrated, a 

 sufficient amount of digestible nutrients do not 

 distend the digestive organs, and the juices of 

 the stomach and intestines cannot work upon 

 the food effectively. If the food is too bulky, 

 enough cannot be eaten to supply the proper 

 nutrients, or too much energy is consumed in 

 the eating of it. About two-thirds of the dry 

 matter in the ration for ruminants should be 

 coarse food and one-third concentrated food ; 

 for work-horses, the food should be about half 

 and half of each. 



As will be seen from the tables, the concen- 

 trates contain a much greater per cent, of pro- 

 tein than the coarse foods do. Those having 

 the greatest proportion of protein (see table) 

 are cottonseed-meal, soy-bean, buckwheat shorts, 

 and cow-peas. 



There are two kinds of roughage : (i) dry 



