DAIRY INSPECTION 155 



way in advanced tuberculosis of the lungs ; if the cough is low, 

 weak, and moist, it is especially suspicious. Old cows are not 

 infrequently affected with pulmonary emphysema, and a short, 

 dry cough may be readily induced in such animals ; but even a 

 cough of this character is suspicious of tuberculosis. A cow in 

 health may cough as a result of inhaling dust, cold air, or irri- 

 tating gases, but the cough is not frequent or chronic. Cough 

 in cattle is softer, hollow (toneless), and more prolonged than 

 in the horse. 



If drawing the skin up over the withers produces cough, it 

 is an indication of an irritated condition of the lungs or pleura. 



10. Lungs. The lungs should be examined by aus- 

 cultation. In doubtful cases, closing the nostrils for a 

 short time or exercise will render the sounds more 

 audible. 



Exaggeration of the vesicular murmur (when not due to 

 exercise) and the presence of the bronchial sound, rales, or 

 vague sounds are evidences of disease of the bronchi or lungs. 

 Friction sounds occur in pleuritis (fibrinous). In tuberculosis, 

 especially after exercise, the vesicular murmur may be exagger- 

 ated and rough, and rales and vague sounds may be heard. The 

 disease may exist, however, when no abnormal sounds can be 

 detected. In old cows sibilant rales may be heard because of the 

 presence of pulmonary emphysema. 



11. Prescapular and Precrural Lymph-glands. 

 The precrural glands can be palpated whether normal 

 or enlarged, but the prescapular glands cannot be felt 

 unless they are enlarged. 



The prescapular lymph-gland, also called the superficial 

 cervical, is situated beneath a layer of muscular tissue at the 

 anterior border of the shoulder, a little above the shoulder 

 joint. 



The precrural lymph-gland is situated in the flank, just 

 under the skin, at the anterior border of the tensor fasciae 



