xii POULTRY CULTURE 



CHAPTER PAGE 



XIII. RATIONS AND METHODS OF FEEDING . .... : \. . 206 



A ration defined A balanced ration, 206 A balanced ration 

 an average ration, 207 Common practice in feeding How 

 methods of feeding are determined, 208 Rations for special 

 purposes, 210 Different rations for different kinds of poultry, 

 211 Same ration for young and old poultry of the same kind 



Forcing rations, 212 Special preparation of food Mashes, 

 214 Standard mashes, 217 Popular standard mashes approxi- 

 mately balanced rations Errors in use of wet mashes Dry 

 mashes, 218 Dangers in use of dry mashes, 220 Rations for 

 fowls, 221 Maine Experiment Station rations, 224 Ontario 

 Experiment Station rations, 228 West Virginia Experiment 

 Station ration Kansas Experiment Station rations, 229 Cor- 

 nell Experiment Station rations, 230 Rations for turkeys, 

 peafowls, guineas, and pheasants, 233 Rations for ducks, 235 



Rations for geese, 237 



XIV. INCUBATION .".,'". ... ,..'. . 238 



Relation of incubation to other operations The egg, 238 A 

 fertile egg, 239 Function of heat in incubation, 240 Antiquity 

 of artificial methods The problem in artificial incubation, 241 



Value of both methods of incubation Hatching by natural 

 methods Broodiness, 242 System in natural incubation, 243 

 Nests for sitting hens, 244 Nest material Selection of 

 eggs, 245 Number of eggs in setting Keeping hens confined 

 to nests, 246 Food of the sitting hen Cleanliness Testing 

 eggs, 248 Period of incubation Effects of chilling on eggs, 

 250 Treatment of eggs at hatching time, 251 Helping birds 

 out of the shell Conditions of good hatching, 252 Hatching 

 by artificial methods Responsibility of the operator, 253 

 Selection of an incubator, 254 Manufacturers' directions for 

 operating incubators, 255 Selection of eggs for artificial' incu- 

 bation, 257 Preliminary regulation of heat Routine work of 

 operation, 258 Factors in artificial incubation, 259 Source of 

 moisture in incubation Use of ventilation, 260 Measuring 

 ventilation, 262 Management of incubator at hatching Ac- 

 counting for results, 263 Causes of poor hatches, 264 Com- 

 mon errors in operating incubators, 265 



XV. GROWING POULTRY 266 



Growth a natural process Constitution inherited Initial se- 

 lection, 266 Preservation of vitality in young poultry, 267 

 Overcrowding the great cause of trouble in growing poultry, 

 268 What constitutes overcrowding, 269 Overcrowding 

 mostly unnecessary, 274 Warmth the first requirement 

 Brooding temperatures, 275 Regulation of heat in artificial 

 brooding, 276 Methods of artificial brooding, 277 Lamp- 

 heated brooders Pipe brooder systems, 278 Temperature 



