68 CONFERENCE ON MILK PROBLEMS 



or diarrhea, while in winter, the bacteria can be taken with 

 considerable impunity by infants, the same as by older chil- 

 dren. But they cannot take them in the summer time. 



Now, my experience, up to this time, brings out this point 

 very clearly: That bacteria and their changes do produce 

 diarrhea and death. 



At one time, the 15th of June, 50 babies were getting a cer- 

 tain milk. It was all pasteurized and was fairly good milk. 

 On the next day, one-half of them got this milk in bottles and 

 the other half got raw milk, everything else being the same. 

 Instead of being free from bacteria, there were from a million 

 to two million per cubic centimeter in the raw milk. The 

 mothers did not know the difference, but one-half of them got 

 the milk raw. In ten days, the two sets of children were do- 

 ing entirely different, and we had to put a number of the chil- 

 dren who were on the raw milk, back on the pasteurized, be- 

 cause otherwise we would have been responsible for sickness and 

 death. There was a change without anybody's knowing the 

 difference. They were simply provided with the milk without 

 its being pasteurized. 



Another thing: Observation shows, of course, that chil- 

 dren can have diarrhea without getting it from cow's milk. 

 They have infant diarrhea in the country where they have a 

 very pure milk right on the farm, and they have more diarrhea 

 there, also, in July and August, and more deaths, than in the 

 cool weather. So you see the effect of the heat, with the cow's 

 milk, with no bacteria and you see that those infants that 

 were on the mother's milk had almost no diarrhea. So I say, 

 there is no question about it ; a clean raw milk or a clean pas- 

 teurized milk will be much better for infants in summer than 

 milk that has bacteria. 



The other point I want to touch upon is typhoid fever. I 

 simply wish to bring out the point that Dr. Evans just men- 

 tioned, that however much care we may take about the obser- 

 vation of developed cases of typhoid fever, we are practically 

 at a loss to know how to handle the typhoid carrier. Now, 

 actual observation has shown that there are practically as 

 many typhoid carriers going about among us as there are 

 typhoid fever cases in a year. So there are, here and there, 

 cases that we know nothing about, that are affecting the milk. 



