34 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



Nurseries of the Soil Conservation Service, is given, but all figures 

 of this sort must be used with caution. 



In large-scale operations, planting stock is most often propagated 

 from seed, but other methods of obtaining plants, such as lifting 

 wild stock, propagation by cuttings, or direct seeding, are all useful. 

 Transplanting wild stock has little to recommend it. It is costly, 

 especially from a labor standpoint, and the percentage of survival 

 is all too often low. 



The practice of direct seeding over all or part of a given area 

 would seem to merit more investigation. The elimination of all 

 storage and nursery operations has much appeal, but too little is 

 known of direct seeding either to recommend or to discourage it. 

 Tourney and Korstian (573) note that when an area is seeded prop- 

 erly, the cost is usually high. They claim that in direct seeding, as 

 might be expected, germination is usually lower and more uneven 

 than in nurseries. Proper preparation and protection of the site is 

 no small item in the cost. They give a table showing the number of 

 pounds of seed required for planting an acre with each of 23 species 

 of trees, including black cherry, which requires 10 to 25 pounds; 

 black locust, 6 to 8 pounds ; white oak, 600 to 800 ; beech, 50 to 150 ; 

 and white pine, 5 to 9. Examples of successful direct seeding of woody 

 plants are rare, but with increasing demand for large-scale planting, 

 perhaps methods may be developed to overcome present obstacles. 

 If it is known that direct seeding is successful, the information is 

 included in the present list. 



UTILIZATION BY WILDLIFE 



The first paragraph under each species after the designation of 

 fruit deals with characters directly or indirectly related to erosion 

 control; the second deals wholly with utilization of the species by 

 wildlife, livestock, and bees. The latter paragraph is divided into 

 two portions headed "Stomach records" and "Observations" 



Under Stomach records are placed all records of utilization based 

 on examination of stomach contents. Most of such records are taken 

 from the files of the Bureau of Biological Survey. A few are from, 

 identifications of stomach materials made by other agencies. 



It has not seemed advisable to name all the species of birds known 

 to ihave eaten the fruit. The total number of birds utilizing the 

 species of plant is listed, and a statement is added indicating which 

 game birds are included. 



Under each genus characterization the paragraph dealing with 

 wildlife utilization lists stomach records and observations in addition 

 to those listed under species. They are not summaries. Identification 

 of plant parts found in stomachs is often possible only as far as the 

 genus. These must hence be recorded only for the genus. The same 

 may be true of observations, where identification is uncertain or pos- 

 sibly inaccurate. Therefore, genus records in this publication are 

 used only because such records cannot be referred to a particular 

 species. 



All records of woody-plant utilization known to the author are 

 included. The Biological Survey records, the literature, and many 

 field workers have supplied information for this work. It is, how- 



