74 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



A large tree with open foliage ; rapid growing when young ; short-lived ; little 

 attacked by insects or disease ; coppices when cut ; wood used commercially to 

 some extent. 



Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- 

 ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. 



Betula occidentalis, see Betula fontinalis and B. papyrifera. 



Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch. 



B. alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. 



Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 

 Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 



Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. 

 A large, short-lived tree ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; root system 

 shallow, superficial ; a pioneer on burned-over areas ; free from insects and 

 disease ; easily fire-damaged ; wood used commercially to some extent ; about 

 700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. 



Var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., (B. subcordata Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- 

 curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., (B. cordifolia Regel) occurs 

 in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., (B. ocvi- 

 dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. 

 montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. 

 Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub occur- 

 ring in regions 23 and 27, strictly in bogs. 



Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, 

 preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of 

 moose on Isle Royale ; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 



Betula pendula, see Betula coerulea. 

 Betula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. 



Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray birch. 



Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. 

 Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 



Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. 

 A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects 

 and disease ; easily storm-damaged ; coppices freely when cut ; wood used 

 commercially to some extent ; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. 



Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- 

 tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. 



Betula pumila L. Swamp birch. 



Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 

 Site : Moist, sun. 



Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. 

 A small to large shrub. 



Var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring 

 in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. 



Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. 

 Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. 

 Bigelovia acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. 

 Bigelovia arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescent. 

 Bigelovia brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. 

 Bigelovia depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. 

 Bigelovia douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. 

 Bigelovia greenei, see Chrysothamnus greenei. 

 Bigelovia nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 

 Bigelovia paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. 

 Bigelovia parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 

 Bigelovia parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 

 Bigelovia pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 



