86 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena retusa. 



Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. 



Generally large shrubs to small trees; ordinarily occur oh more or less acid 

 soil; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same 

 manner as in the legumes; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of 

 drier soil and lower slopes; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher 

 moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by 

 stratification as given for each species ; seed can be germinated without any 

 treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species 

 can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. 



Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, includ- 

 ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove; mountain sheep, 

 Columbian chipmunk, Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. 

 Observations (in addition to specific records) : Olympic wapiti, Rocky Mountain 

 black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- 

 erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. 



Ceanothus americanus L. Jersey-tea. 



Range : 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 

 Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 

 Fruit : Capsule, available September-November. 



A small, bushy shrub ; flowers May-July ; root system very large, taproot 

 very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and 

 other soils. 



Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. 



Ceanothus arboretis Greene. Island myrtle. 



Range : 5. 



Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 



Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. 



A large shrub to small tree; flowers Ferbruary-March ; crown open; foliage 

 very ample; 90 percent germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with 

 hot water at 194 F. ; about 48,000 seeds per pound. 



Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. 



Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. 



Range: 4, 5, 10. 



Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 



Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. 



A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub ; flowers June- 

 July; thicket forming; occurs from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; stump sprouts and 

 reproduces by seed very well after fires ; seeds treated with hot water to 176 F., 

 then stratified 3^ months at 36 germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 

 1 minute and stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. 



Observations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule 

 deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used 

 by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. 



Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer brush. 



C. insularis Eastw. 

 Range : 5. 

 Site: Dry, sun. 

 Fruit : Capsule. 



A large, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers January-April ; occurs 

 below 3,500 feet ; foliage rather open ; very inflammable ; rarely coppices ; 

 intolerant of shade ; propagation by seed heated to 70 C. in water, then cooled, 

 and stratified 3 months at 35 F. ; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained ; 

 about 33,000 seeds per pound. 

 Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 



Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Wedgeleaf Ceanothus. 



Range: 3, 4, 5. 



Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 



Fruit: Capsule. 



A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers March-May ; occurs below 5,000 

 feet ; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage ; thicket 

 forming; often sprawling; crown sprouts abundantly after fires; forms im- 

 penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from 



