120 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



Elaeagnus utilis, see Shepherdia argentea. 

 Elaphrium, see Bursera. 



Elliottia racemosa Muhl. 



Range: 29. 



Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 



Fruit: Capsule. 



A large shrub ; flowers June-July ; commonly occurs on sandy soil ; one of 

 the rarest of American shrubs ; spreads by rootstocks to form large colonies, 

 which are known at only a few stations, many having been exterminated ; self- 

 pollination appears to be impossible and hence, because of the separation of 

 clumps as they now exist, propagation by seed seems to have ceased ; in culti- 

 vation. 



Empetrum conradii, see Corema, conradii. 



Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. 



Range : 1, 4, 24, 26, 27. 

 Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

 Fruit: Berry; available August-September; often persistent the year 



round. 



A small evergreen, procumbent shrub ; monoecious or dioecious ; forms dense 

 colonies ; occurs in sand or peat. 



Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Alaska 

 spruce grouse, ptarmigan, and many water birds. 



Emplectocladus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. 

 Emplectocladus fasciculatus, see Prunus fasciculata. 



Ephedra spp. (pi. 13, C). 



Shrubby, usually dioecious gymnosperms with scalelike leaves ; fruit cone- 

 like or nutlike, sometimes fleshy. 



Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain quail, Arizona 

 cottontail, Holzner cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : 

 Captive porcupine ; much grazed by mule deer ; Sacramento cottontail rabbit. 

 Generally eaten by livestock. 



Ephedra antisyphilitica Mey. Canatilla. 



Range : 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. 

 Site: Dry, sun. 



Fruit: Nutlike; available April-May. 

 A small to large shrub ; branches lax, occasionally reclining or prostrate. 



Ephedra californica Wats. California jointfir. 



Range: 5, 10. 



Site: Dry, sun. 



Fruit: Nutlike. 



A small, prostrate or ascending shrub. 

 Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 



Ephedra coryi Reed. 



Range: 16. 



Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 



Fruit: Berrylike; available spring-early summer. 



A small, slender-stemmed, profusely-branched shrub ; often occurs in sandy 

 soils ; produced from an underground stem whose origin is from a node of an 

 extensive rhizome system; readily adjusts itself to shifting sands, seeds ap- 

 parently not viable. 



Ephedra fasciculata Nels. 

 Range: 10. 

 Site : Dry, sun. 

 Fruit: Nutlike. 

 A small evergreen shrub ; stems slender, prostrate. 



Ephedra funerea Cov. and Mort. 

 Range: 10. 

 Site: Dry, sun. 

 Fruit: Berrylike. 

 A small, much-branched, spinose shrub. 



