NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OP THE UNITED STATES 



Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White spruce. 



P. glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. alba Link. 



Range : 12, 15 (Black Hills), 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 

 Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 



Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. 

 A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and spreading ; wood of great 

 importance commercially ; seed produced locally every year but heavy seed pro- 

 duction occurs at intervals of 5 to 8 years ; vitality of seed persistent ; 130,000- 

 230,000 seeds per pound. Ten horticultural varieties are in cultivation; long- 

 lived. 



Stomach records: Crossbill ; mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observa- 

 tions: Eight species of birds ; porcupine, red squirrel, moose ; casually browsed by 

 northern white-tailed deer. 



Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. 



P. parryana Sarg. 



Range : 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 



Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 



Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, seeds shed by October, cones falling 



by spring. 



A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow ; growth fair on dry soil ; long- 

 lived ; wood much used commercially ; 0.5 pound of seed per bushel of cones, 

 69,000-376,000 seeds per pound; germination 34-68 percent; seeds produced in 

 quantity locally about every 3 years ; seed vitality persistent, as much as 30-50 

 percent after 5 years when properly stored. 



Stomach record: Three species of birds, including dusky grouse; black-tailed 

 deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Red squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. 



Picea glauca, see Picea canadensis. 



Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black spruce. 



P. mariana brevifolia Rehd. 

 Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. 

 Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

 Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, persistent many years. 



A large evergreen tree ; commonly most abundant on acid soils ; root system 

 shallow and widespreading ; slow growing ; somewhat damaged by insects and 

 fungi ; wood of little importance commercially ; seeds produced abundantly at 

 irregular intervals ; 540,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent ; prostrate 

 branches often root. 



Stomach records: Blue heron, crossbill. Observations: Seven species of birds; 

 snowshoe hare, porcupine. 



Picea parryana, see Picea engelmannii and P. pungens. 



Picea pungens Engelm. Blue spruce. 



P. parryana (Andre) Parry. 

 Range : 9, 12, 13, 14. 

 Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 

 Fruit: Cone; available in August, seeds shed in September, most cones 



persistent until the following autumn. 



A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow in wet soils ; deeper in dry soils ; 

 long-lived ; wood of least value commercially of the spruces ; abundant seed 

 crops produced every 2 or 3 years ; 80,000-130,000 seeds per pound, germination 

 48-77 percent, vitality long persistent ; brilliant color of forms (as Koster spruce) 

 gradually lost with age. 



Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. 



Picea rubens, see Picea rubra. 



Picea rubra Link. Red spruce. 



P. rubens Sarg. 

 Range: 27. 



Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 



Fruit : Cone ; available in September, most seeds falling by late fall, 

 a few the following spring. 



