224 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle ; poor to fair for 

 sheep. 



Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. 



Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 

 Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

 Fruit: Drupe, available September-November. 



A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; occurs on limestone, 

 loam, and other soils ; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. 

 Stomach records: Catbird. 



Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhamnus crocea. 

 Rhamnus connnis, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 



Rhamnus crocea Nutt. (pi. 29, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. 



Range: 3, 5, 11. 

 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

 Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. 



A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree ; partially evergreen ; 

 flowers February-May; densely branched; experimentally susceptible to the 

 crown rust of oats. 



Var. insularis Sarg. (R. insularis Greene, R. pirifolia Greene, R. catalinae, 

 Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilicifolia (Kellogg) 

 Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and 

 occurs in regions 4, 5, arid 10. Var. pilosa Trel. (R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in 

 region 5. 

 Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. 



Rhamnus cuspidata, see Rhamnus californica. 

 Rhamnus ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 

 Rhamnus fasciculata, see Rhamnus smithii. 

 Rhamnus humboldtiana, see KarwinsJcia humboldtiana. 

 Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 

 Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. 



Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. 



Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. 

 Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

 Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. 



A small to large shrub ; flowers in May ; commonly occurs on calcareous soils ; 

 susceptible to crown rust of oats. 

 Stomach records: Three species of birds. 



Rhamnus maculata, see KarwinsJcia humboldtiana. 

 Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. 

 Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. 

 Rhamnus occidentals, see Rhamnus californica. 

 Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus crocea. 

 Rhamnus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 



Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pi. 30, A, B). Cascara. 



Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. 



Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 



Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 



A small to large shrub or a small to large tree ; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, 

 and other soils ; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats ; coppices 

 freely after cutting ; bark of importance commercially ; commonly smaller south- 

 ward ; 4,735 seeds per pound. 



Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, 

 including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon ; New Mexico black bear ; of 

 fair importance as browse for mule deer; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, 

 raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. 



Rhamnus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 



