NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 275 



Trichostema lanatum Benth. 

 T. parisMi Vasey. 

 Range: 5. 

 Site: Dry, sun. 

 Fruit: Nutlike. 

 A small to large, leafy shrub ; flowers May-June. 



Trichostema parishii, see Trichostema lanatum. 



Trixis californica Kellogg. American trixis. 



Range: 10, 11. 



Site: Dry, sun. 



Fruit : Achene. 

 A small, bushy shrub. Lightly browsed by cattle in winter and early spring. 



Tsuga spp. Hemlocks. 



Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, includ- 

 ing ruffed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pine siskin; 

 porcupine ; Douglas' squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Richardson's 

 squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, Cooper's chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, Pacific 

 mountain beaver, Olympic black bear ; rarely cut for building material, not food, 

 by beaver. 

 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. 



Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. 



Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 



Fruit : Cone, mature in October, seeds shed during winter, cones falling 



in the spring of the second year. 



A large, evergreen tree ; root system very shallow except in deep soils ; gener- 

 ally free from fungi ; easily killed by humus fires ; attacked by eastern hemlock 

 borer ; easily wind damaged ; wood of importance commercially ; bark a valuable 

 source of tannin ; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years ; 

 144,000-279,000 seeds per pound, germination 30-60 percent ; some 16 varieties in 

 cultivation. 



Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- 

 tailed grouse ; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birds ; seventh 

 most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts ; 

 browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer in Michigan ; red squirrel, 

 snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit. 



Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina hemlock. 



Range: 27. 



Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. 



Fruit: Cone, mature September-October. 



A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of some 

 importance commercially. 



Tsu'ga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock. 



Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 12. 

 Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. 

 Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, seeds shed September-October, cones 



falling by spring. 



A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and spreading except on deep 

 soils ; slow growing, long-lived ; easily injured by fire ; susceptible to insect 

 damage; wood of considerable importance commercially; 274,000-324,000 seeds 

 per pound, produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years. 



jStomach records: Two species of birds; plains white-tailed deer, black- 

 tailed deer. Observations: Browsed as a last resort by Olympic wapiti. 



Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Mountain hemlock. 



Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. 

 Range : 4, 12. 

 Site : Well-drained, sun. 



Fruit: Cone; seeds shed September-October, cones falling by spring. 

 A large evergreen tree ; slow growing, probably long-lived ; wood not used 

 commercially; seed produced abundantly every several years; 102,000-207,000 

 seeds per pound, vitality transient. 

 Stomach records: Crow, sooty grouse. 



Tulipastrum acuminatum, see Magnolia acuminata. 

 Tulipastrum cordatum, see Magnolia cordata. 



