PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF MAN. 703 



direction than that of any other race or nation, 

 but the greater part of the brain lies behind a 

 perpendicular line drawn from the meatus audi- 

 torius externus. The skull is thick and heavy, 

 but narrow or compressed at the sides, the fore- 

 head low and retreating, the cheek bones promi- 

 nent, the jaws strong, the mouth large, the lips 

 thick and gross, the nose flat, the nostrils wide, 

 and the chin small. The fore-arm is longer com- 

 pared with the humerus than among other na- 

 tions, the fingers long, slender, and sinewy, with 

 nails like claws. Like the lower animals, the 

 thigh is longer compared with the leg, thinner 

 from side to side, and deeper from front to rear, 

 than among the whites, or the tawny coloured 

 tribes. The os calcis projects backwards, the foot 

 is flat, and the leg slender, presenting the ap- 

 pearance of a mattock with its handle ; while the 

 toes are long and slender, with strong crooked 

 nails that resemble claws. Such is the outline of 

 the negro, as described by Blumenbach,Prichard, 

 Lawrence, Caldwell, and other writers on the na- 

 tural history of man. It is therefore not surpriz- 

 ing that for thousands of years, the natives of 

 central Africa have remained in a state of the 

 grossest barbarism, nor that they have been re- 

 duced to slavery by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, 

 Persians, Greeks, Romans, and nearly all the 

 nations of modern Europe. 



It is certainly true, that some of the most 



