CANE SUGAR. 



vapour enters the calandria in as many as six places. To further secure an 

 even distribution of steam it is not unusual to divide the calandria into 

 compartments by means of partition plates. 



Stillman Evaporator. This design externally resembles the 

 ' Standard'; the tubes however project about 6 inches above the upper tube 

 plate, and are up to 7 feet in length ; the liquor level is kept at about half the 

 height of the tubes: the juice creeps up the tubes, overflows on to the tube plate, 



FIG. 160. 



and passes down a central tube of large diameter to the next effect in series. 

 This evaporator belongs to the ' film ' type and has a high efficiency ; the only 

 one the writer has seen would have been improved by a larger vapour space. 



Chapman's Evaporator. Of special forms of the vertical tube- 

 evaporator, Chapman's design, Fig. 159, may be mentioned. The juice enters 

 at a, and flows upwards through the tubes and down through the funnel I. In 

 the form sketched the vessel is divided into two parts by a vertical partition, 

 affording a double circulation ; in others the juice passes directly from vessel 

 to vessel. Circulation between the different bodies is obtained by means of 



290 



